TABLE 1.
Baseline and Patient Characteristics
| Characteristics | Total (n = 300) | No Moderate/Severe AKI (n = 261) | Moderate/Severe AKI (n = 39) | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, mean (sd), yr | 56.9 (13.9) | 56.2 (14.0) | 61.3 (12.9) | 0.034 |
| Male sex, n (%) | 213 (71.0) | 185 (70.9) | 28 (71.8) | 0.907 |
| Weight, mean (sd), kg | 89.5 (20.9) | 89.1 (21.0) | 91.7 (20.2) | 0.481 |
| Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score, median (Q1–Q3) | 7 (3–10) | 7 (3–9) | 10 (5–12) | < 0.001 |
| Acute Physiology And Chronic Health Evaluation score, median (Q1–Q3) | 16 (11–25) | 15 (10–23) | 26 (13–32) | < 0.001 |
| Baseline creatinine, mean (sd), mg/dLa | 0.83 (0.21) | 0.83 (0.2) | 0.82 (0.2) | 0.709 |
| Time acute respiratory distress syndrome to inclusion, median (Q1–Q3), d | 0 (0–1) | 0 (0–1) | 0 (0–1) | 0.120 |
| Time COVID-19 positivity to inclusion (Q1–Q3), d | 6 (3–10) | 6 (3–10) | 5 (4–12) | 0.778 |
| COVID-19 symptoms at hospital admission, n (%) | ||||
| Fever/shivering | 204 (68.0) | 183 (78.5) | 21 (56.8) | 0.004 |
| Dry cough | 167 (55.7) | 152 (65.0) | 15 (40.5) | 0.005 |
| Loss of taste or smell | 28 (9.3) | 25 (10.8) | 3 (8.1) | 0.616 |
| Respiratory distress | 228 (76.0) | 194 (80.2) | 34 (89.5) | 0.170 |
| Headache | 44 (14.7) | 41 (17.8) | 3 (8.1) | 0.139 |
| Gastrointestinal symptoms | 50 (16.7) | 44 (18.8) | 6 (16.7) | 0.759 |
| Lowest Horovitz index at inclusion, median (Q1–Q3), mm Hg | 103.0 (79.0–143.0) | 107.0 (82.5–144.0) | 88.5 (68.8–120.0) | 0.185 |
| Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation therapy, n (%) | 59 (19.7) | 47 (8.0) | 12 (30.8) | 0.061 |
| Comorbidities, n (%) | ||||
| Hypertension | 123 (41.0) | 103 (39.8) | 20 (51.3) | 0.173 |
| Congestive heart failure | 11 (3.7) | 11 (4.2) | 0 (0) | 0.191 |
| Diabetes | 59 (19.7) | 51 (19.7) | 8 (20.5) | 0.904 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 19 (6.3) | 16 (6.2) | 3 (7.7) | 0.718 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 5 (1.7) | 4 (1.5) | 1 (2.6) | 0.641 |
| Myocardial infarction | 14 (4.7) | 11 (4.3) | 3 (7.7) | 0.346 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 17 (5.7) | 14 (5.4) | 3 (7.7) | 0.562 |
| Stroke | 9 (3.0) | 7 (2.8) | 2 (5.1) | 0.430 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 10 (3.3) | 5 (1.9) | 5 (12.8) | < 0.001 |
| Medication, n (%) | ||||
| ß-blockers | 48 (16.0) | 39 (15.0) | 9 (23.7) | 0.174 |
| Statins | 71 (23.7) | 60 (23.1) | 11 (28.9) | 0.428 |
| Diuretics | 45 (15.0) | 38 (14.7) | 7 (18.4) | 0.547 |
| Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors | 59 (19.7) | 50 (19.3) | 9 (23.7) | 0.527 |
| Angiotensin receptor blockers | 42 (14.0) | 36 (13.8) | 6 (15.8) | 0.748 |
AKI = acute kidney injury.
a
This value represents patients premorbid kidney function.