Table 2.
Comorbid BD ＋ PTSD compared to bipolar disorder alone on mean change scores over time
| Outcome measure | Baseline | Week 4 | Week 8 | Week 12 | Week 16 | Week 20 | Baseline change scores to week 16 | Baseline change scores to week 20 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MADRS | ||||||||
| Bipolar disorder alone | n = 125, 28.76 ± 5.28 |
n = 124, 19.43 ± 9.1 |
n = 114, 17.13 ± 9.29 |
n = 100, 15.90 ± 10.15 |
n = 98, 15.34 ± 9.88 |
n = 95, 15.80 ± 10.10 |
n = 98, −13.78 ± 10.26 |
n = 95, 13.16 ± 10.46 |
| BD ＋ PTSD | n = 23, 30.78 ± 6.56 |
n = 23, 21.03 ± 10.71 |
n = 20, 17.30 ± 10.21 |
n = 19, 16.42 ± 10.62 |
n = 17, 17.35 ± 11.43 |
n = 14, 16.14 ± 10.10 |
n = 17, −12.17 ± 11.17 |
n = 14, −13.50 ± 10.09 |
| Mean difference (95% CI), Cohen’s d, pvalue | 2.02 (−0.44, 4.4), d = 0.36 | 1.86 (−2.23, 6.08), d = 0.19 |
0.16 (−4.35, 4.69), d = 0.01 |
0.52 (−4.54, 5.59), d = 0.05 |
2.00 (−3.26, 7.27), d = 0.19 |
0.34 (−5.39, 6.44), d = 0.03 |
1.60 (−3.83, 7.05), d = 0.15, p = 0.55 | −0.33 (−6.24, 5.58), d = −0.03, p = 0.91 |
| BDRS | ||||||||
| Bipolar disorder alone | n = 125, 24.49 ± 6.32 |
n = 124, 17.45 ± 8.42 |
n = 113, 15.46 ± 9.04 |
n = 100, 14.21 ± 9.27 |
n = 96, 13.53 ± 9.01 |
n = 90, 14.00 ± 8.67 |
n = 96, −11.35 ± 10.43 |
n = 90, −10.88 ± 10.13 |
| BD ＋ PTSD | n = 23, 27.17 ± 7.06 |
n = 23, 19.30 ± 9.35 |
n = 19, 14.26 ± 9.18 |
n = 19, 14.31 ± 9.87 |
n = 15, 14.33 ± 12.66 |
n = 13, 13.84 ± 10.75 |
n = 15, −12.00 ± 11.15 |
n = 13, 12.61 ± 8.07 |
| Mean difference (95% CI), Cohen’s d, pvalue | 2.67 (−0.20, 5.56), d = 0.41 |
1.85 (−1.99, 5.59), d = 0.21 |
−1.19 (−5.64, 3.25), d = −0.13 |
0.10 (−4.53, 4.74), d = 0.01 |
0.80 (−4.46, 6.06), d = 0.08 |
−0.15 (−5.41, 5.10), d = −0.01 |
−0.64 (−6.44, 5.14), d = −0.06, p = 0.82 |
−1.72 (−7.56, 4.10), d = −0.17, p = 0.49 |
| YMRS | ||||||||
| Bipolar disorder alone | n = 125, 3.32 ± 3.31 |
n = 124, 3.65 ± 3.34 |
n = 113, 4.44 ± 4.92 |
n = 101, 3.57 ± 4.02 |
n = 96, 3.34 ± 4.08 |
n = 90, 3.29 ± 3.91 |
n = 96, −0.16 ± 4.76 |
n = 90, −0.26 ± 4.27 |
| BD ＋ PTSD | n = 23, 4.34 ± 3.63 |
n = 22, 4.68 ± 6.96 |
n = 19, 3.73 ± 5.94 |
n = 19, 5.00 ± 5.10 |
n = 15, 2.86 ± 3.35 |
n = 14, 5.00 ± 4.97 |
n = 15, −1.29 ± 4.26 |
n = 14, 1.42 ± 4.41 |
| Mean difference (95% CI), Cohen’s d, pvalue | 1.02 (−0.48, 2.53), d = 0.30 |
1.02 (−0.83, 2.88), d = 0.25 |
−0.70 (−3.19, 1.78), d = −0.13 |
1.42 (−0.66, 3.50), d = 0.33 |
−0.48 (−2.68, 1.71), d = −0.12 |
1.70 (−0.61, 4.02), d = 0.42 |
−1.10 (−3.68, 1.48), d = −0.23, p = 0.40 |
1.69 (−0.75, 4.14), d = 0.39, p = 0.17 |
| SOFAS | ||||||||
| Bipolar disorder alone | n = 125, 57.27 ± 9.60 |
n = 124, 63.83 ± 12.41 |
n = 114, 66.29 ± 12.53 |
n = 100, 67.66 ± 12.89 |
n = 96, 69.46 ± 13.13 |
n = 92, 69.67 ± 12.93 |
n = 96, 13.21 ± 11.83 |
n = 92, 12.82 ± 12.71 |
| BD ＋ PTSD | n = 23, 53.13 ± 11.32 |
n = 23, 60.60 ± 13.00 |
n = 19, 63.15 ± 10.14 |
n = 18, 64.05 ± 11.32 |
n = 15, 66.33 ± 12.41 |
n = 13, 68.07 ± 13.63 |
n = 15, 13.13 ± 9.73 |
n = 13, 17.07 ± 10.11 |
| Mean difference (95% CI), Cohen’s d, pvalue | −4.14 (−8.57, 0.29), d = −0.41 |
−3.23 (−8.84, 2.38), d = −0.25 |
−3.14 (−9.13, 2.85), d = −0.25 |
−3.60 (−10.03, 2.82), d = −0.28 |
−3.13 (−10.31, 4.02), d = −0.24 |
−1.59 (−9.24, 6.05), d = −0.12 |
−0.08 (−6.46, 6.29), d = −0.01, p = 0.97 |
4.25 (−3.05, 11.56), d = 0.34, p = 0.25 |
Values are presented as mean ± standard deviation.
PTSD, post-traumatic stress disorder; BD, bipolar disorder; MADRS, Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale; BDRS, Bipolar Depression Rating Scale; YMRS, Young Mania Rating Scale; SOFAS, Social Occupational Functioning Assessment Scale; CI, confidence interval.