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. 2022 Oct 7;86(2):1319–1330. doi: 10.1007/s00248-022-02120-7

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Panel A: barplot showing the prokaryotic community composition (as relative abundance) at the phylum and class level (for Proteobacteria only). Taxa with an average relative abundance across all samples < 1% were aggregated as “Others”. “Unknown” includes all those reads that did not match any known taxa. Panel B: nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) ordination of community composition of fish and environmental microbiomes based on Bray–Curtis dissimilarity matrix. Panel C: richness calculated for the different types of samples; asterisks indicate the occurrence of significant differences as calculated by the Kruskal–Wallis test (p < 0.05); non-significant comparisons are not reported in the plot. Richness in environmental samples also significantly differed from those observed in fish-associated microbiomes (Kruskal–Wallis p < 0.05). The fish figure has been created in BioRender (https://biorender.com/)