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. 2023 Jul 11;14:4106. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-39759-w

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — a Schematic diagram of the preparation of Cas9@liposome nanoparticles. b Representative TEM images of the plasmid@lip nanoparticles. c, d Encapsulation efficiency (c), particle size distribution and PDI value (d) of the Cas9@lip nanoparticles. n = 3 independent experiments. Data are presented as mean values +/− SD. e Schematic diagram of the preparation of the CD40L@CaCO₃ nanoparticles. f Representative scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of the CD40L@CaCO₃ nanoparticles. g Identification of the hydrodynamic diameter of the CD40L@CaCO₃ nanoparticles using the Malvern–Zetasizer method. h Identification of the hydrodynamic diameter of the HOOC–PLGA–PEG–PLGA–COOH solution. i Schematic diagram of the preparation of the hydrogel microsphere vaccine. j Representative scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of the hydrogel microspheres. k Enlarged representative SEM image (left panel) and regional element analysis (right panel) of the hydrogel microsphere vaccine. l The release of FLT3L and CD40L by the hydrogel microsphere vaccine in vitro (pH = 6.8). n = 3 independent experiments. Data are presented as mean values +/− SD. m Schematic diagram of cell transfection analysis using the combination of the hydrogel microsphere vaccine and electroporation. n Representative images of flow cytometry experiments identifying GFP-positive KPC cells in different treatment groups (o). o Analysis of the transfection efficiency of 3T3\KPC\AsPC1\Panc02 cells in different treatment groups. n = 3 biologically independent samples. p Schematic diagram illustrating the effect of hydrogel microsphere vaccines and different hydrogel counterparts on bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) in vitro. q Analysis of the effect of hydrogel microsphere vaccines and hydrogel microsphere counterparts on the expression of MHC-I, CD40, CD80 and CD86 on the surface of total DCs (CD24⁺CD64⁻CD11c⁺MHCII⁺CD45⁺alive) and cDC1s (CD103⁺CD11b^-CD24⁺CD64⁻CD11c⁺MHCII⁺CD45⁺alive) in different treatment groups. n = 4 biologically independent samples. b, f, j, k Three independent experiments were performed to confirm data stability. o, q Data are presented as mean values +/− SEM. Two-tailed unpaired t test. Source data are provided as a Source data file.