Table 1.
Immuno-therapeutic strategies in clinical trials for neurodegenerative diseases
| Disease | Targets | Name of drug | Phase of clinical trial |
|---|---|---|---|
| AD | Aβ targeted | Trontinemab (RG6102) | Phase I |
| Remternetug (LY3372993) | Phase III | ||
| PRX012 | Phase I | ||
| MEDI1814 | Phase I | ||
| GSK933776 | Phase I | ||
| ALZ-101 | Phase I | ||
| ACU193 | Phase I | ||
| ABBV-916 | Phase II | ||
| ACI-24 | Phase II | ||
| Donanemab (LY3002813) | Phase III | ||
| AN-1792 (QS-21) | Phase II | ||
| Amilomotide (CAD106) | Phase III | ||
| Vanuitde cridificar (ACC-001) | Phase II | ||
| ABvac40 | Phase II | ||
| Lu AF20513 | Phase I | ||
| UB-311 | Phase II | ||
| Bapineuzumab (AAB-001) | Phase III | ||
| Solanezumab (LY2062430) | Phase III | ||
| Crenezumab (RG7412) | Phase III | ||
| Gantenerumab (RO4909832) | Phase III | ||
| Aducanumab (BIIB037) | Approved | ||
| Lecanemab (BAN2401) | Approved | ||
| Ponezumab (PF-04360365) | Phase II | ||
| AV-1959D | Phase I | ||
| Affitope AD02 | Phase I | ||
| Tau targeted | AADvac1 | Phase II | |
| ACI-35 (VAC20121) | Phase II | ||
| Gosuranemab (BIIB092) | Phase II | ||
| Tilavonemab (ABBV-8E12) | Phase II | ||
| Semorinemab (RO7105705) | Phase I | ||
| Zagotenemab (LY3303560) | Phase I | ||
| JNJ-63733657 | Phase I | ||
| Bepranemab (UCB0107) | Phase II | ||
| BIIB076 | Phase I | ||
| APNmab005 (RAA7) | Phase I | ||
| E2814 | Phase II | ||
| Lu AF87908 | Phase I | ||
| MK-2214 | Phase I | ||
| PNT001 | Phase I | ||
| PRX005 | Phase I | ||
| TREM2 targeted | AL002c | Phase II | |
| DNL919 | Phase I | ||
| AL044 | Phase I | ||
| TNF-α signaling | Etanercept | Phase II | |
| Pegipanermin (XPro1595) | Phase II | ||
| Lenalidomide | Phase II | ||
| NO signaling | CY6463 | Phase II | |
| TLR4 signaling | TB006 | Phase I | |
| CSF-1R signaling | Edicotinib | Phase I | |
| P2Y6 signaling | GC021109 | Phase I | |
| NLRP3 inflammasome | Inzomelid | Phase I | |
| GM-CSF signaling | Sargramostim | Phase II | |
| JAK inhibitor | Baricitinib | Phase II | |
| p38MAPK | MW150 | Phase II | |
| Neflampimod | Phase II | ||
| ERK, NF-κB, TNF-α | NE3107 (HE3286) | Phase III | |
| Sema4D signaling | Pepinemab | Phase II | |
| Diabete drugs | Insulin | Phase II | |
| Liraglutide | Phase I | ||
| Metformin | Phase III | ||
| Pioglitazone | Phase II | ||
| NSAIDs | ALZT-OP1 | Phase III | |
| Multiple targets | Nutraceutical compound BrainUp-10 | Phase II | |
| Progranulin | AL101 | Phase I | |
| AZP2006 | Phase I | ||
| Regulating gut microgiota | Sodium oligomamate | Phase III | |
| CD38+CD8+ T cell depletion | Daratumumab | Phase II | |
| MSC based inflammatory modulation | Lomecel-B | Phase II | |
| PD-L1 (increase imunomodulatory macrophages) | IBC-Ab002 | Phase I | |
| Inflammation resolution | DHA | Phase IV | |
| Peripheral monocytes activation | Protollin | Phase I | |
| PD | α-synuclein targeted | ABBV-0805 (BAN0805) | Phase I |
| Affitope PD01A (ACI-7104) | Phase II | ||
| Lu AF82422 | Phase I | ||
| Prasinezumab (PRX002) | Phase II | ||
| TAK-341 (MEDI1341) | Phase I | ||
| UB-312 | Phase II | ||
| UCB7853 | Phase I | ||
| UCB0599 (NPT200-11) | Phase II | ||
| Anti-inflammation | Dexamethasone | Phase II | |
| Minocycline | Phase II | ||
| Naloxone | Phase III | ||
| NLRP3 inflammasome | Inzomelid | Phase I | |
| TLR2 signaling | NPT520-34 | Phase I | |
| Diabete drugs | NLY01 | Phase II | |
| Exenatide | Phase III | ||
| CCR3 signaling | AKST4290 | Phase II | |
| LRRK2 | BIIB094 | Phase I | |
| DNL151 | Phase III | ||
| DNL201 | Phase I | ||
| ERK, NF-κB, TNF-α | NE3107 (HE3286) | Phase II | |
| GM-CSF signaling | Sargramostim | Phase I | |
| ALS | Anti-inflammation | Masitinib | Phase III |
| Ibudilast | Phase II | ||
| RNS60 | Phase I | ||
| NBP | Phase II | ||
| Anti-oxidant | Edaravone | Approved | |
| JAK signaling | Baricitinib (NCB28050) | Phase I | |
| Progranulin | Latozinemab (AL001) | Phase II | |
| TLR2 signaling | NPT520-34 | Phase I | |
| RIPK1 signaling | DNL747 (SAR443060) | Phase I | |
| DNL788 (SAR443820) | Phase II | ||
| IL-1R | Anakinra | Phase II | |
| IL-6R | Tocilizumab | Phase II | |
| Sigma-1R (Microchondrial function) | Pridopidine (ACR16) | Phase III | |
| Reduce circulating lyphocytes | Fingolimod | Phase II |
The drugs with multiple targets or unknown targets are classified into anti-inflammation drugs. The drugs that have been discontinued are not included
AD Alzheimer’s disease, PD Parkinson’s disease, ALS Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Aβ Amyloid β-protein, TREM2 Triggering Receptor Expressed On Myeloid Cells 2, NO Nitric oxide, TNF-α Tumor necrosis factor alpha, TLR4 Toll Like Receptor 4, CSF-1R Receptor of the colony-stimulating factor-1, P2Y6 P2Y purinoceptor 6, NLRP3 NLR Family Pyrin Domain Containing 3, GM-CSF Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, JAK Janus kinase, p38MAPK p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases, ERK Extracellular signal-regulated Kinase, Sema4D Semaphorin 4D, NSAIDs Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, MSC Mesenchymal stem cells, PD-L1 Programmed death-ligand 1, TLR2 Toll Like Receptor 2, CCR3 C-C Motif Chemokine Receptor 3, LRRK2 Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2, NF-κB Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells, RIPK1 Receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 1, IL-1R Interleukin-1 receptor, IL-6R Interleukin-6 receptor, Sigma-1R Sigma 1 receptor, DHA Docosahexaenoic acid, dl-NBP Dl-3n-butylphthalide