Table 2.

Associations of Social and Environmental Characteristics with Falls Among Community-Living Older Adults, n= 5581

	Without Dementia, n=5093		With Dementia, n=488
	Unadjusted OR (95% CI)	Adjusted aOR (95% CI)	Unadjusted OR (95% CI)	Adjusted aOR (95% CI)
Sociodemographic
Age
65 to 74	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference
75 to 84	1.15 (0.97, 1.37)	0.97 (0.80, 1.18)	0.70 (0.36, 1.38)	0.86 (0.41, 1.82)
>85	1.65 (1.37, 1.97)	1.08 (0.85, 1.36)	0.89 (0.50, 1.57)	1.13 (0.55, 2.31)
Female	1.20 (1.03, 1.41)	1.09 (0.90, 1.31)	0.89 (0.57, 1.38)	0.86 (0.47, 1.55)
Education
Above High School	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference
High School	1.05 (0.90, 1.23)	0.91 (0.76, 1.10)	0.71 (0.38, 1.33)	0.69 (0.33, 1.45)
Below High School	1.31 (1.09, 1.59)	1.18 (0.92, 1.51)	0.47 (0.26, 0.87)	0.50 (0.22, 1.13)
Racea
White non-Hispanic or Other	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference
Black non-Hispanic	0.71 (0.59, 0.86)	0.68 (0.52, 0.88)	0.58 (0.37, 0.93)	1.44 (0.76, 2.71)
Hispanic	0.80 (0.59, 1.08)	0.77 (0.54, 1.10)	0.83 (0.36, 1.89)	1.87 (0.70, 5.04)
Income
>$60,001	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference
$26,001-$60,000	1.23 (1.05, 1.45)	1.11 (0.93, 1.33)	1.39 (0.54, 3.60)	2.32 (0.94, 5.71)
$0-$26,000	1.32 (1.10, 1.59)	0.94 (0.73, 1.20)	0.88 (0.37, 2.11)	2.36 (0.90, 6.23)
Financial Hardship	1.76 (1.30, 2.37)	1.50 (1.04, 2.17)	0.81 (0.35, 1.88)	1.15 (0.43, 3.06)
Health and Function
History of falling (2015)	3.59 (3.10, 4.15)	2.92 (2.50, 3.40)	6.12 (3.99, 9.39)	6.20 (3.81, 10.09)
Fear of falling	2.61 (2.17, 3.14)	1.65 (1.34, 2.02)	1.82 (1.22, 2.72)	1.39 (0.80, 2.41)
Poor lower extremity performance	2.20 (1.85, 2.61)	1.63 (1.32, 2.01)	2.01 (1.22, 3.31)	1.44 (0.79, 2.62)
Vision impairment	1.37 (0.99, 1.90)	0.93 (0.65, 1.33)	1.91 (1.06, 3.47)	2.22 (1.12, 4.40)
Hearing impairment	1.42 (1.17, 1.73)	1.25 (0.98, 1.58)	1.25 (0.73, 2.12)	0.94 (0.53, 1.67)
Depressive symptoms	1.90 (1.63, 2.20)	1.37 (1.15, 1.64)	2.20 (1.40, 3.44)	1.43 (0.84, 2.43)
Physical activity in last month	0.70 (0.60, 0.82)	0.98 (0.82, 1.17)	0.74 (0.48, 1.15)	0.83 (0.49, 1.42)
High Self-care Disability	1.67 (1.23, 2.28)	0.67 (0.45, 1.00)	1.66 (0.96, 2.88)	0.76 (0.40, 1.45)
Social & Physical Environment
Lives with:
Alone	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference
Spouse	0.89 (0.74, 1.06)	1.05 (0.84, 1.31)	3.12 (1.68, 5.80)	2.43 (1.09, 5.43)
Non-spouse	1.19 (0.99, 1.43)	1.09 (0.88, 1.34)	1.88 (1.07, 3.30)	1.25 (0.63, 2.48)
Home Disorder	1.16 (0.96, 1.39)	0.94 (0.76, 1.15)	0.67 (0.41, 1.08)	0.72 (0.40, 1.29)
Home Disrepair	1.45 (1.22, 1.72)	1.34 (1.12, 1.61)	0.96 (0.55, 1.69)	1.24 (0.63, 2.45)
Street Disorder	1.00 (0.78, 1.30)	0.94 (0.69, 1.28)	0.55 (0.28, 1.12)	0.57 (0.26, 1.25)
Lacks Continuous Sidewalks	1.20 (1.04, 1.38)	1.12 (0.94, 1.33)	1.35 (0.84, 2.17)	1.45 (0.86, 2.44)
Highest 15% Social Deprivationb	0.87 (0.69, 1.09)	0.91 (0.66, 1.25)	0.43 (0.27, 0.69)	0.55 (0.31, 0.98)
Non-Metropolitan County	1.08 (0.89, 1.30)	0.91 (0.75, 1.11)	1.08 (0.57, 2.03)	0.96 (0.46, 2.03)

Note. Data are from the National Health and Aging Trends Study. Characteristics were measured at the time of the 2015 interview. Falls refers to ≥1 fall in twelve months preceding 2016 interview. OR=odds ratio; CI=confidence interval.

^aDue to small cell-sizes, American Indian, Asian, Native, Hawaiian, Pacific Islander were combined with the White non-Hispanic group.

^bBased on the Social Deprivation Index using 2015 American Community Survey Data. Adjusted models adjusted for all variables in table as well as history of falling, fear of falling, lower extremity performance, vision impairment, hearing impairment, and physical activity.