Orientation for hormone concentration ranges

Step	Tissue source	Insulin concentration range	Glucagon concentration range (pmol/L)	Insulin stimulation index (fold)	Glucagon stimulation index (fold)
Baseline (5.5 or 7 mM glucose)	Human slices	5–50 mU/L	1–10	0.5–2	0.5–2
	Human islets	50–400 mU/L	10–60	0.8–1.2	0.6–1.5
	Mouse islets	2–5 ng/mL	30–100	0.8–1.2	0.8–1.2
Stimulation (high glucose, 16.7 mM)	Human slices	50–200 mU/L	0.2–5	2–20	0.2–1
	Human islets	300–600 mU/L	20–50	2–5	0.2–0.6
	Mouse islets	4–10 ng/mL	10–60	2–8	0.4–0.8
Stimulation (low glucose, 1 mM)	Human slices	1–20 mU/L	2–30	0.5–1	2–20
	Human islets	20–100 mU/L	40–150	0.1–0.8	1–4
	Mouse islets	1–4 ng/mL	70–200	0.5–1.2	1.2–3
Membrane depolarization (30 mM KCl)	Human slices	50–200 mU/L	3–50	2–20	2–20
	Human islets	300–1000 mU/L	150–250	2–8	4–10
	Mouse islets	5–15 ng/mL	50–200	5–20	2–5