Table 5. Area under curve (AUC) under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and optimal cutoff values for the laboratory biomarkers of various COVID-19 severity groups .
Hb, hemoglobin; HCT, hematocrit; RBC, red blood cell; TLC, total leucocyte count; PLT, platelet; MCV, mean corpuscular volume; MCH, mean corpuscular hemoglobin; MCHC, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration; RDW: red cell distribution width; ANC, absolute neutrophil counts; ALC, absolute lymphocyte counts; AMC, absolute monocyte counts; AEC, absolute eosinophil counts; ABC, absolute basophil counts; NLR, neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio; PLR, platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio; LMR, lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio; NMR, neutrophil-to-monocyte ratio; SII, systemic immune-inflammation index; PT, prothrombin time; INR, international normalized ratio; aPTT, activated partial thromboplastin time; TBIL, total bilirubin; DBIL, direct bilirubin; IBIL, indirect bilirubin; ALT/SGPT, alanine aminotransferase/serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase; AST/SGOT, aspartate aminotransferase/serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase; ALP, alkaline phosphatase; TP, total protein; ALB, albumin; A/G, albumin/globulin; CRP/ALB, C-reactive protein/albumin; Glu-R, serum random glucose; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase
| Asymptomatic-Mild | Asymptomatic-Moderate | Asymptomatic-Severe | Mild-Moderate | Mild-Severe | Moderate-Severe | Non-severe-Severe | ||||||||
| AUC; P Value | Cutoff | AUC; P Value | Cutoff | AUC; P Value | Cutoff | AUC; P Value | Cutoff | AUC; P Value | Cutoff | AUC; P Value | Cutoff | AUC; P Value | Cutoff | |
| Age (Years) | 0.55; <0.001 | >40 | 0.72; <0.001 | >40 | 0.79; <0.001 | >42 | 0.68; <0.001 | >39 | 0.75; <0.001 | >43 | 0.59; <0.001 | >49 | 0.73; <0.001 | >42 |
| Duration (Days) | 0.57; <0.001 | >9 | 0.59; <0.001 | ≤8 | 0.51; 0.43 | ≤8 | 0.55; <0.001 | ≤8 | 0.53; <0.001 | ≤13 | 0.56; <0.001 | >11 | 0.53; <0.001 | >13 |
| Hb (g/dL) | 0.54; <0.001 | ≤13.6 | 0.63; <0.001 | ≤13.6 | 0.64; <0.001 | ≤13.1 | 0.59; <0.001 | ≤14.2 | 0.61; <0.001 | ≤13 | 0.52; 0.16 | ≤11.8 | 0.6; <0.001 | ≤13 |
| HCT (%) | 0.55; <0.001 | ≤43.2 | 0.65; <0.001 | ≤42.2 | 0.65; <0.001 | ≤41.6 | 0.60; <0.001 | ≤42.91 | 0.6; <0.001 | ≤40.12 | 0.51; 0.33 | ≤36.3 | 0.6; <0.001 | ≤40.12 |
| RBC (106/µL) | 0.53; <0.001 | ≤4.09 | 0.62; <0.001 | ≤4.65 | 0.63; <0.001 | ≤4.59 | 0.59; <0.001 | ≤4.7 | 0.6; <0.001 | ≤4.33 | 0.52; 0.09 | ≤4.09 | 0.6; <0.001 | ≤4.33 |
| TLC (103/µL) | 0.56; <0.001 | >5.38 | 0.62; <0.001 | >8.41 | 0.74; <0.001 | >8.02 | 0.66; <0.001 | >7.23 | 0.77; <0.001 | >7.73 | 0.61; <0.001 | >7.95 | 0.74; <0.001 | >7.73 |
| PLT (103/µL) | 0.55; <0.001 | >215 | 0.55; <0.001 | >309 | 0.53; <0.001 | >303 | 0.59; <0.001 | >271 | 0.58; <0.001 | >293 | 0.51; 0.38 | >136 | 0.56; <0.001 | >303 |
| MCV (fL) | 0.52; 0.07 | ≤92.8 | 0.53; 0.05 | ≤94.6 | 0.5; 0.8 | ≤101 | 0.51; 0.46 | ≤96.9 | 0.52; 0.1 | ≤95.7 | 0.52; 0.06 | ≤96.9 | 0.51; 0.13 | ≤95.7 |
| MCH (pg) | 0.51; 0.34 | ≤30.8 | 0.53; 0.02 | ≤30.9 | 0.52; 0.1 | ≤28.4 | 0.52; 0.03 | ≤30.06 | 0.51; 0.25 | ≤27.97 | 0.51; 0.35 | ≤30.5 | 0.51; 0.32 | ≤27.96 |
| MCHC (g/dL) | 0.52; 0.14 | >31.90 | 0.51; 0.32 | ≤30.98 | 0.54; <0.001 | ≤30.75 | 0.53; 0.01 | >31.41 | 0.56; <0.001 | >31.37 | 0.53; <0.001 | ≤32.08 | 0.55; <0.001 | ≤31.52 |
| RDW (%) | 0.51; 0.52 | ≤14.3 | 0.5; 0.85 | ≤15.7 | 0.56; <0.001 | ≤15 | 0.50; 0.73 | ≤16 | 0.56; <0.001 | ≤14.8 | 0.56; <0.001 | ≤14.5 | 0.56; <0.001 | ≤14.8 |
| Neutrophils (%) | 0.56; <0.001 | >61 | 0.87; <0.001 | >64.6 | 0.93; <0.001 | >69.2 | 0.82; <0.001 | >64.6 | 0.89; <0.001 | >70.5 | 0.66; <0.001 | >82 | 0.86; <0.001 | >71.7 |
| Lymphocytes (%) | 0.55; <0.001 | ≤25.5 | 0.86; <0.001 | ≤22.7 | 0.92; <0.001 | ≤20.6 | 0.82; <0.001 | ≤21.2 | 0.89; <0.001 | ≤19 | 0.66; <0.001 | ≤11.9 | 0.86; <0.001 | ≤17.4 |
| Eosinophils (%) | 0.63; <0.001 | ≤1.5 | 0.86; <0.001 | ≤0.6 | 0.92; <0.001 | ≤0.5 | 0.77; <0.001 | ≤0.6 | 0.85; <0.001 | ≤0.3 | 0.61; <0.001 | ≤0.1 | 0.82; <0.001 | ≤0.3 |
| Monocytes (%) | 0.54; <0.001 | >7.4 | 0.62; <0.001 | ≤4.7 | 0.73; <0.001 | ≤5 | 0.64; <0.001 | ≤5.2 | 0.75; <0.001 | ≤5 | 0.61; <0.001 | ≤5 | 0.73; <0.001 | ≤5 |
| Basophils (%) | 0.57; <0.001 | ≤0.8 | 0.76; <0.001 | ≤0.5 | 0.79; <0.001 | ≤0.4 | 0.70; <0.001 | ≤0.4 | 0.74; <0.001 | ≤0.4 | 0.55; <0.001 | ≤0.3 | 0.72; <0.001 | ≤0.4 |
| ANC (103/µL) | 0.53; <0.001 | ≤2.94 | 0.74; <0.001 | >4.98 | 0.85; <0.001 | >5.17 | 0.75; <0.001 | >4.56 | 0.84; <0.001 | >4.82 | 0.63; <0.001 | >6.03 | 0.81; <0.001 | >4.86 |
| ALC (103/µL) | 0.61; <0.001 | ≤1.4 | 0.84; <0.001 | ≤1.40 | 0.89; <0.001 | ≤1.27 | 0.76; <0.001 | ≤1.26 | 0.83; <0.001 | ≤1.0 | 0.62; <0.001 | ≤0.9 | 0.81; <0.001 | ≤1.0 |
| AEC (103/µL) | 0.65; <0.001 | ≤0.07 | 0.85; <0.001 | ≤0.03 | 0.9; <0.001 | ≤0.03 | 0.74; <0.001 | ≤0.03 | 0.81; <0.001 | ≤0.02 | 0.58; <0.001 | ≤0.01 | 0.79; <0.001 | ≤0.01 |
| AMC (103/µL) | 0.53; <0.001 | >0.27 | 0.52; 0.14 | >0.54 | 0.54; <0.001 | >0.53 | 0.54; <0.001 | >0.54 | 0.56; <0.001 | >0.51 | 0.52; 0.12 | >0.44 | 0.55; <0.001 | >0.51 |
| ABC (103/µL) | 0.59; <0.001 | ≤0.049 | 0.7; <0.001 | ≤0.049 | 0.68; <0.001 | ≤0.049 | 0.61; <0.001 | ≤0.06 | 0.59; <0.001 | ≤0.039 | 0.52; 0.19 | >0.062 | 0.59; <0.001 | ≤0.039 |
| NLR (Ratio) | 0.5; 0.78 | ≤1.35 | 0.87; <0.001 | >3.05 | 0.93; <0.001 | >3.25 | 0.82; <0.001 | >3.15 | 0.89; <0.001 | >3.89 | 0.66; <0.001 | >6.80 | 0.86; <0.001 | >3.89 |
| PLR (Ratio) | 0.51; 0.6 | >203.1 | 0.79; <0.001 | >182.50 | 0.84; <0.001 | >203.06 | 0.75; <0.001 | >195.64 | 0.81; <0.001 | >198.56 | 0.58; <0.001 | >252.67 | 0.78; <0.001 | >207.91 |
| LMR (Ratio) | 0.53; 0.03 | ≤3.36 | 0.79; <0.001 | ≤3.24 | 0.85; <0.001 | ≤3.1 | 0.74; <0.001 | ≤2.83 | 0.81; <0.001 | ≤3.01 | 0.61; <0.001 | ≤2.10 | 0.79; <0.001 | ≤3.125 |
| SII (Ratio) | 0.52; 0.17 | >322.72 | 0.82; <0.001 | >632.76 | 0.88; <0.001 | >811.49 | 0.79; <0.001 | >642.43 | 0.86; <0.001 | >810.33 | 0.62; <0.001 | >1172.07 | 0.83; <0.001 | >806.67 |
| NMR (Ratio) | 0.52; 0.05 | >7.24 | 0.76; <0.001 | >12.24 | 0.86; <0.001 | >12.86 | 0.75; <0.001 | >11.43 | 0.84; <0.001 | >12.10 | 0.63; <0.001 | >16.20 | 0.81; <0.001 | >12.88 |
| TBIL (mg/dL) | 0.55; <0.001 | ≤0.42 | 0.61; <0.001 | ≤0.5 | 0.57; <0.001 | ≤0.5 | 0.55; <0.001 | ≤0.5 | 0.52; <0.001 | ≤0.5 | 0.53; <0.001 | ≤0.53 | 0.52; 0.04 | ≤0.5 |
| DBIL (mg/dL) | 0.52; 0.09 | >0.11 | 0.51; 0.63 | >0.19 | 0.58; <0.001 | >0.19 | 0.52; 0.03 | >0.19 | 0.6; <0.001 | >0.19 | 0.58; <0.001 | >0.22 | 0.59; <0.001 | >0.19 |
| IBIL (mg/dL) | 0.57; <0.001 | ≤0.34 | 0.67; <0.001 | ≤0.32 | 0.67; <0.001 | ≤0.3 | 0.60; <0.001 | ≤0.32 | 0.6; <0.001 | ≤0.3 | 0.51; 0.47 | ≤0.18 | 0.6; <0.001 | ≤0.3 |
| SGPT/ALT (U/L) | 0.54; <0.001 | >25.1 | 0.63; <0.001 | >73.6 | 0.63; <0.001 | >61.7 | 0.59; <0.001 | >55.3 | 0.6; <0.001 | >46.9 | 0.5; 0.74 | >47 | 0.59; <0.001 | >46.9 |
| SGOT/AST (U/L) | 0.56; <0.001 | >38.1 | 0.69; <0.001 | >48.7 | 0.74; <0.001 | >44.9 | 0.63; <0.001 | >47.2 | 0.69; <0.001 | >42.9 | 0.56; <0.001 | >57.2 | 0.68; <0.001 | >44.9 |
| TP (g/dL) | 0.57; <0.001 | ≤6.85 | 0.74; <0.001 | ≤6.61 | 0.8; <0.001 | ≤6.6 | 0.67; <0.001 | ≤6.61 | 0.74; <0.001 | ≤6.45 | 0.58; <0.001 | ≤6.46 | 0.73; <0.001 | ≤6.45 |
| ALP (IU) | 0.54; <0.001 | >85 | 0.54; <0.001 | >66 | 0.52; 0.15 | >127 | 0.51; 0.33 | >65 | 0.55; <0.001 | >120 | 0.56; <0.001 | >85 | 0.55; <0.001 | >128 |
| Globulin (g/dL) | 0.51; 0.39 | ≤2.63 | 0.51; 0.49 | ≤2.1 | 0.52; 0.14 | ≤2.49 | 0.50; 0.94 | ≤2.2 | 0.53; <0.001 | ≤2.99 | 0.53; <0.001 | ≤2.57 | 0.53; <0.001 | >2.59 |
| A/G Ratio | 0.54; <0.001 | ≤1.72 | 0.67; <0.001 | ≤1.60 | 0.77; <0.001 | ≤1.60 | 0.64; <0.001 | ≤1.56 | 0.74; <0.001 | ≤1.5 | 0.61; <0.001 | ≤1.5 | 0.73; <0.001 | ≤1.5 |
| Albumin (g/dL) | 0.59; <0.001 | ≤4.2 | 0.82; <0.001 | ≤4.1 | 0.89; <0.001 | ≤4 | 0.75; <0.001 | ≤>4 | 0.84; <0.001 | ≤4 | 0.65; <0.001 | ≤3.6 | 0.82; <0.001 | ≤4 |
| Urea (mg/dL) | 0.54; <0.001 | >27.8 | 0.79; <0.001 | >25.7 | 0.86; <0.001 | >29 | 0.75; <0.001 | >25.7 | 0.83; <0.001 | >31 | 0.64; <0.001 | >40.7 | 0.81; <0.001 | >31 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.52; 0.06 | >0.78 | 0.56; <0.001 | >0.93 | 0.61; <0.001 | >0.99 | 0.54; <0.001 | >0.96 | 0.59; <0.001 | >0.96 | 0.56; <0.001 | >0.97 | 0.59; <0.001 | >0.97 |
| Calcium (mg/dL) | 0.6; <0.001 | ≤9 | 0.76; <0.001 | ≤8.7 | 0.84; <0.001 | ≤8.71 | 0.67; <0.001 | ≤8.7 | 0.77; <0.001 | ≤8.6 | 0.63; <0.001 | ≤8.36 | 0.76; <0.001 | ≤8.71 |
| Phosphorus (mg/dL) | 0.59; <0.001 | ≤3 | 0.59; <0.001 | ≤3.01 | 0.55; <0.001 | ≤2.8 | 0.51; 0.36 | ≤2.62 | 0.53; <0.001 | ≤3.45 | 0.54; <0.001 | ≤3.45 | 0.52; 0.04 | ≤3.45 |
| Sodium (mmol/L) | 0.55; <0.001 | ≤138 | 0.7; <0.001 | ≤138 | 0.67; <0.001 | ≤137 | 0.65; <0.001 | ≤138 | 0.63; <0.001 | ≤137 | 0.5; 0.72 | ≤142 | 0.62; <0.001 | ≤137 |
| Potassium (mmol/L) | 0.5; 0.95 | >3.7 | 0.59; <0.001 | >4.5 | 0.64; <0.001 | >4.5 | 0.59; <0.001 | >4.5 | 0.64; <0.001 | >4.5 | 0.55; <0.001 | >4.7 | 0.62; <0.001 | >4.5 |
| Chloride (mmol/L) | 0.54; <0.001 | ≤102 | 0.71; <0.001 | ≤102 | 0.69; <0.001 | ≤102 | 0.67; <0.001 | ≤102 | 0.66; <0.001 | ≤102 | 0.51; 0.69 | ≤97 | 0.64; <0.001 | ≤102 |
| Uric Acid (mg/dL) | 0.53; 0.01 | ≤5.26 | 0.59; <0.001 | ≤4.67 | 0.52; 0.18 | ≤7.18 | 0.57; <0.001 | ≤4.61 | 0.5; 0.73 | ≤7.47 | 0.56; <0.001 | ≤5.75 | 0.51; 0.38 | >6.91 |
| Ferritin (ng/mL) | 0.6; <0.001 | >190.9 | 0.82; <0.001 | >250.2 | 0.89; <0.001 | >314 | 0.73; <0.001 | >249.7 | 0.82; <0.001 | >307.4 | 0.63; <0.001 | >445.4 | 0.79; <0.001 | >422.5 |
| LDH (U/L) | 0.62; <0.001 | >239 | 0.84; <0.001 | >264 | 0.92; <0.001 | >314 | 0.75; <0.001 | >310 | 0.86; <0.001 | >24 | 0.68; <0.001 | >479 | 0.83; <0.001 | >324 |
| CRP (U/L) | 0.65; <0.001 | >0.26 | 0.91; <0.001 | >0.894 | 0.95; <0.001 | >1.25 | 0.81; <0.001 | >1.91 | 0.9; <0.001 | >2.59 | 0.7; <0.001 | >6.40 | 0.87; <0.001 | >2.59 |
| Procalcitonin (ng/mL) | 0.6; <0.001 | >0.02 | 0.73; <0.001 | >0.02 | 0.82; <0.001 | >0.03 | 0.64; <0.001 | >0.03 | 0.75; <0.001 | >0.04 | 0.63; <0.001 | >0.1 | 0.73; <0.001 | >0.04 |
| IL-6 (pg/mL) | 0.67; <0.001 | >4 | 0.78; <0.001 | >3.7 | 0.86; <0.001 | >6.2 | 0.63; <0.001 | >4.5 | 0.75; <0.001 | >10.1 | 0.65; <0.001 | >28.6 | 0.73; <0.001 | >10.4 |
| CRP/ALB (Ratio) | 0.59; <0.001 | >0.06 | 0.91; <0.001 | >0.22 | 0.96; <0.001 | >0.31 | 0.82; <0.001 | >0.43 | 0.9; <0.001 | >0.60 | 0.71; <0.001 | >1.78 | 0.87; <0.001 | >0.62 |
| aPTT (Seconds) | 0.51; 0.34 | ≤32.1 | 0.55; <0.001 | ≤31.2 | 0.51; 0.75 | ≤38.8 | 0.54; <0.001 | ≤30.8 | 0.51; 0.66 | ≤27.6 | 0.54; 0.002 | ≤35.2 | 0.51; 0.32 | >35.5 |
| D-Dimer (ng/mL) | 0.61; <0.001 | >86 | 0.83; <0.001 | >113 | 0.9; <0.001 | >176 | 0.74; <0.001 | >148 | 0.84; <0.001 | >185 | 0.67; <0.001 | >349 | 0.82; <0.001 | >199 |
| Fibrinogen (mg/dL) | 0.61; <0.001 | >322 | 0.83; <0.001 | >362 | 0.84; <0.001 | >372 | 0.75; <0.001 | >380 | 0.77; <0.001 | >397 | 0.56; <0.001 | >424 | 0.74; <0.001 | >397 |
| PT (Seconds) | 0.52; 0.15 | >11.9 | 0.51; 0.72 | >13.2 | 0.55; <0.001 | >13.2 | 0.52; 0.1 | >13.2 | 0.57; <0.001 | >12.9 | 0.55; <0.001 | >13.9 | 0.56; <0.001 | >12.9 |
| INR (Ratio) | 0.53; 0.05 | ≤1.02 | 0.51; 0.66 | ≤0.97 | 0.54; <0.001 | ≤1.15 | 0.51; 0.23 | ≤1.13 | 0.56; <0.001 | ≤1.12 | 0.54; <0.001 | ≤1.12 | 0.56; <0.001 | ≤1.12 |
| Glu-R (mg/dL) | 0.59; <0.001 | >86 | 0.79; <0.001 | >97 | 0.84; <0.001 | >100 | 0.72; <0.001 | >99 | 0.78; <0.001 | >109 | 0.58; <0.001 | >113 | 0.76; <0.001 | >109 |
| HbA1c (%) | 0.55; <0.001 | >5.87 | 0.67; <0.001 | >5.78 | 0.71; <0.001 | >5.96 | 0.61; <0.001 | >5.57 | 0.66; <0.001 | >5.99 | 0.56; <0.001 | >6 | 0.64; <0.001 | >5.99 |