Table 7. Predictor of COVID-19 severity.
Reference: neutrophils, ≤61%; lymphocytes, ≥25.5%; eosinophils, ≥1.5%; basophils, ≥0.8%; ALC, ≥1.39×103/µL; AEC, ≥0.07×103/µL; TBIL, ≤0.41 mg/dL; A/G ratio, ≥1.72 ratio; albumin, ≥4.3 g/dL; calcium, ≥9 mg/dL; phosphorus, ≤2.8 mg/dL; sodium, ≤135 mmol/L; ferritin, ≤190.8 ng/mL; LDH, ≤238 U/L; IL-6, ≤4 pg/mL; CRP/ALB, ≤0.059 ratio; D-dimer, ≤86 ng/mL; fibrinogen, ≤322 mg/dL
N, number of patients; ALC, absolute lymphocyte counts; AEC, absolute eosinophil counts; TBIL, total bilirubin; A/G, albumin/globulin; CRP/ALB, C-reactive protein/albumin; COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; CI, confidence interval; AOR, adjusted odds ratio
| Variables | AOR (95% CI); P Value | ||
| Neutrophils (%) | 61.1-64.6 | 64.7-80 | ≥81 |
| Asymptomatic (n: 910) | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Mild (n: 4153) | 1.3 (0.7-2.4); 0.42 | 1.4 (0.7-3.0); 0.35 | 1.3×106 (4.9×106-34.3×106); <0.001 |
| Moderate (n: 862) | 1.3 (0.6-2.9); 0.53 | 2.3 (0.9-5.7); 0.09 | 34.4×106 (11.9×106-99.4×106); <0.001 |
| Severe (n: 1223) | 1.2 (0.5-3.2); 0.70 | 2.0 (0.7-6.0); 0.20 | 38.9×106 (3.1×106-90.1 ×106);<0.001 |
| Lymphocytes (%) | 25.4-20.6 | 20.5-17.5 | ≤17.4 |
| Asymptomatic (n: 911) | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Mild (n: 4172) | 0.5 (0.2-0.8); 0.01 | 0.4 (0.1-0.9); 0.02 | 0.2 (0.1-0.6); <0.001 |
| Moderate (n: 886) | 0.5 (0.2-1.2); 0.12 | 0.4 (0.2-1.2); 0.12 | 0.3 (0.1-0.9); 0.05 |
| Severe (n: 1244) | 0.5 (0.2-1.2); 0.12 | 0.6 (0.2-1.9); 0.36 | 0.7 (0.2-2.4); 0.53 |
| Eosinophils (%) | 1.4-0.6 | 0.6-0.4 | ≤0.3 |
| Asymptomatic (n: 911) | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Mild (n: 4172) | 1.2 (0.6-2.3); 0.57 | 2.0 (0.6-6.1); 0.24 | 1.5 (0.6-3.8); 0.35 |
| Moderate (n: 886) | 0.9 (0.4-2.0); 0.81 | 1.3 (0.4-4.9); 0.66 | 1.4 (0.5-4.1); 0.58 |
| Severe (n: 1244) | 0.9 (0.4-2.2); 0.84 | 1.0 (0.3-3.9); 0.99 | 1.7 (0.5-5.3); 0.38 |
| Basophils (%) | 0.7-0.45 | 0.44-0.3 | ≤0.29 |
| Asymptomatic (n: 911) | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Mild (n: 4172) | 1.1 (0.7-1.7); 0.60 | 1.4 (0.8-2.3); 0.22 | 1.4 (0.6-3.2); 0.41 |
| Moderate (n: 886) | 1.1 (0.6-1.8); 0.84 | 1.4 (0.8-2.5); 0.29 | 1.3 (0.5-3.1); 0.63 |
| Severe (n: 1244) | 1.2 (0.7-2.2); 0.47 | 1.2 (0.6-2.3); 0.56 | 1.4 (0.6-3.5); 0.49 |
| ALC (103/µL) | 1.38-1.13 | 1.12-0.91 | ≤0.9 |
| Asymptomatic (n: 904) | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Mild (n: 4101) | 2.2 (1.3-3.7); <0.001 | 2.2 (1.2-4.2); 0.01 | 2.5 (1.1-5.7); 0.03 |
| Moderate (n: 866) | 2.3 (1.2-4.4); 0.01 | 2.6 (1.3-5.5); 0.01 | 2.7 (1.1-6.6); 0.03 |
| Severe (n: 1224) | 1.8 (0.9-3.5); 0.11 | 2.2 (1.0-4.8); 0.05 | 3.4 (1.4-8.5); 0.01 |
| AEC (103/µL) | 0.06-0.04 | 0.03-0.02 | ≤0.01 |
| Asymptomatic (n: 911) | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Mild (n: 4172) | 1.3 (0.6-2.7); 0.54 | 2.1 (0.7-6.3); 0.19 | 0.9 (0.4-1.9); 0.77 |
| Moderate (n: 886) | 1.3 (0.5-3.3); 0.64 | 3.6 (1.0-13.1); 0.05 | 1.4 (0.6-3.6); 0.43 |
| Severe (n: 1244) | 0.9 (0.3-2.6); 0.86 | 3.5 (0.9-13.2); 0.07 | 1.4 (0.5-3.7); 0.47 |
| TBIL (mg/dL) | 0.42-0.50 | 0.51-0.53 | ≥0.54 |
| Asymptomatic (n: 951) | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Mild (n: 4277) | 0.9 (0.5-1.6); 0.70 | 0.5 (0.3-1.2); 0.12 | 0.6 (0.4-0.9); 0.02 |
| Moderate (n:) | 1.0 (0.5-1.9); 0.95 | 0.4 (0.2-1.1); 0.08 | 0.6 (0.4-1.0); 0.08 |
| Severe (n: 1259) | 0.7 (0.3-1.3); 0.22 | 0.2 (0.1-0.5); <0.001 | 0.5 (0.3-0.8); 0.01 |
| TP (g/dL) | 6.84-6.61 | 6.60-6.45 | ≤6.44 |
| Asymptomatic (n: 951) | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Mild (n: 4280) | 1.0 (0.6-1.6); 0.98 | 1.1 (0.6-2.1); 0.76 | 1.0 (0.5-1.8); 0.94 |
| Moderate (n: 900) | 0.8 (0.4-1.5); 0.47 | 0.5 (0.2-1.1); 0.08 | 0.7 (0.3-1.4); 0.3 |
| Severe (n: 1260) | 0.9 (0.4-1.7); 0.69 | 1.0 (0.4-2.3); 0.99 | 1.1 (0.5-2.4); 0.83 |
| A/G Ratio | 1.71-1.60 | 1.61-1.50 | ≤1.49 |
| Asymptomatic (n: 951) | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Mild (n: 4280) | 1.5 (0.9-2.6); 0.14 | 0.9 (0.5-1.6); 0.64 | 0.6 (0.3-1.0); 0.07 |
| Moderate (n: 900) | 1.3 (0.7-2.6); 0.42 | 0.8 (0.4-1.5); 0.45 | 0.4 (0.2-0.8); 0.02 |
| Severe (n: 1260) | 1.7 (0.8-3.5); 0.14 | 1.2 (0.6-2.6); 0.58 | 0.7 (0.3-1.5); 0.32 |
| Albumin (g/dL) | 4.2-4 | 3.9-3.6 | ≤3.5 |
| Asymptomatic (n: 951) | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Mild (n: 4280) | 1.0 (0.6-1.6); 0.93 | 1.2 (0.5-2.7); 0.69 | 1.4 (0.4-5.1); 0.57 |
| Moderate (n: 900) | 2.4 (1.3-4.5); 0.01 | 4.1 (1.5-10.8); 0.01 | 4.5 (1.1-18.4); 0.04 |
| Severe (n: 1260) | 1.1 (0.6-2.2); 0.74 | 1.5 (0.5-4.1); 0.47 | 1.8 (0.4-7.8); 0.41 |
| Calcium (mg/dL) | 8.9-8.7 | 8.6-8.4 | ≤8.3 |
| Asymptomatic (n: 947) | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Mild (n: 4269) | 0.9 (0.6-1.4); 0.60 | 0.8 (0.5-1.4); 0.46 | 0.6 (0.3-1.2); 0.16 |
| Moderate (n: 900) | 0.9 (0.5-1.6); 0.67 | 0.8 (0.5-1.6); 0.57 | 0.8 (0.4-1.7); 0.51 |
| Severe (n: 1255) | 0.9 (0.5-1.7); 0.86 | 0.8 (0.4-1.5); 0.41 | 1.0 (0.4-2.2); 0.95 |
| Phosphorus (mg/dL) | 2.81-3.20 | 3.21-3.60 | ≥3.61 |
| Asymptomatic (n: 946) | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Mild (n: 4271) | 0.9 (0.6-1.4); 0.62 | 0.9 (0.5-1.5); 0.64 | 1.0 (0.6-1.7); 0.92 |
| Moderate (n: 900) | 1.0 (0.6-1.7); 0.96 | 1.3 (0.7-2.4); 0.37 | 1.1 (0.6-2.0); 0.85 |
| Severe (n: 1256) | 1.3 (0.7-2.2); 0.40 | 1.5 (0.8-2.9); 0.17 | 1.4 (0.7-2.7); 0.3 |
| Sodium (mmol/L) | 136-137 | 138-141 | ≥142 |
| Asymptomatic (n: 947) | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Mild (n: 4271) | 0.9 (0.4-2.3); 0.91 | 0.9 (0.4-2.0); 0.86 | 0.9 (0.4-2.1); 0.83 |
| Moderate (n: 900) | 1.0 (0.4-2.6); 0.99 | 0.9 (0.4-2.0); 0.73 | 1.0 (0.4-2.5); 0.98 |
| Severe (n: 1257) | 1.1 (0.4-2.9); 0.81 | 1.0 (0.4-2.2); 0.92 | 1.5 (0.6-3.9); 0.38 |
| Ferritin (ng/mL) | 190.9-355.5 | 355.6-445.3 | ≥445.4 |
| Asymptomatic (n: 460) | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Mild (n: 2592) | 1.4 (0.9-2.3); 0.16 | 2.3 (0.7-8.1); 0.18 | 2.5 (1.0-6.1); 0.04 |
| Moderate (n: 629) | 1.5 (0.8-2.7); 0.19 | 2.0 (0.5-7.7); 0.29 | 3.1 (1.2-7.9); 0.02 |
| Severe (n: 891) | 1.5 (0.8-2.8); 0.24 | 1.5 (0.4-5.8); 0.6 | 4.2 (1.6-10.8); <0.001 |
| LDH (U/L) | 238.1-372.3 | 372.4-478.9 | ≥479 |
| Asymptomatic (n: 386) | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Mild (n: 2458) | 1.6 (1.1-2.3); 0.02 | 1.4 (0.5-3.9); 0.46 | 3.5 (0.4-28.5); 0.23 |
| Moderate (n: 817) | 1.7 (1.0-2.7); 0.04 | 2.1 (0.7-5.9); 0.17 | 5.8 (0.7-48.1); 0.1 |
| Severe (n: 1103) | 1.4 (0.9-2.3); 0.16 | 1.6 (0.5-4.6); 0.4 | 8.0 (1.0-66.6); 0.05 |
| IL-6 (pg/mL) | 4.1-15.2 | 15.3-28.5 | ≥28.6 |
| Asymptomatic (n: 226) | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Mild (n: 1641) | 1.7 (1.0-2.9); 0.04 | 1.7 (0.8-3.8); 0.18 | 2.4 (1.1-5.4); 0.03 |
| Moderate (n: 604) | 1.2 (0.7-2.2); 0.47 | 1.3 (0.5-3.2); 0.54 | 1.6 (0.7-3.8); 0.29 |
| Severe (n: 883) | 1.2 (0.6-2.2); 0.55 | 1.4 (0.6-3.4); 0.49 | 2.5 (1.0-6.0); 0.04 |
| CRP/ALB (Ratio) | 0.06-0.88 | 0.89-1.77 | ≥1.78 |
| Asymptomatic (n: 613) | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Mild (n: 3348) | 1.1 (0.7-1.7); 0.69 | 1.8 (0.5-6.8); 0.39 | 2.2 (0.4-11.4); 0.36 |
| Moderate (n: 888) | 1.4 (0.8-2.5); 0.30 | 4.3 (1.1-17.8); 0.04 | 3.4 (0.6-19.2); 0.17 |
| Severe (n: 888) | 1.1 (0.6-2.2); 0.74 | 3.5 (0.8-15.1); 0.09 | 7.0 (1.2-40.8); 0.03 |
| D-Dimer (ng/mL) | 87-236 | 237-349 | ≥350 |
| Asymptomatic (n: 522) | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Mild (n: 3046) | 1.5 (1.0-2.2); 0.06 | 1.8 (0.7-5.0); 0.25 | 0.9 (0.4-2.1); 0.88 |
| Moderate (n: 822) | 2.9 (1.6-5.0); <0.001 | 3.2 (1.1-10.0); 0.04 | 2.1 (0.9-5.4); 0.1 |
| Severe (n: 1141) | 1.4 (0.7-2.5); 0.33 | 1.7 (0.5-5.4); 0.37 | 2.0 (0.8-5.1); 0.15 |
| Fibrinogen (mg/dL) | 323-391 | 392-424 | ≥425 |
| Asymptomatic (n: 521) | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Mild (n: 2999) | 1.1 (0.7-1.7); 0.70 | 1.1 (0.5-2.4); 0.81 | 2.1 (0.8-5.4); 0.11 |
| Moderate (n: 818) | 1.3 (0.7-2.2); 0.40 | 1.3 (0.5-3.2); 0.54 | 3.8 (1.4-10.1); 0.01 |
| Severe (n: 1161) | 0.9 (0.5-1.7); 0.85 | 1.0 (0.4-2.4); 0.93 | 2.0 (0.7-5.5); 0.17 |