Table 8. Comparison of laboratory biomarkers in COVID-19 waves (first wave versus second wave).
N, number of patients; IQR, interquartile range; Hb, hemoglobin; HCT, hematocrit; RBC, red blood cell; TLC, total leucocyte count; PLT, platelet; MCV, mean corpuscular volume; MCH, mean corpuscular hemoglobin; MCHC, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration; RDW: red cell distribution width; ANC, absolute neutrophil counts; ALC, absolute lymphocyte counts; AMC, absolute monocyte counts; AEC, absolute eosinophil counts; ABC, absolute basophil counts; NLR, neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio; PLR, platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio; LMR, lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio; NMR, neutrophil-to-monocyte ratio; SII, systemic immune-inflammation index; PT, prothrombin time; INR, international normalized ratio; aPTT, activated partial thromboplastin time; TBIL, total bilirubin; DBIL, direct bilirubin; IBIL, indirect bilirubin; ALT/SGPT, alanine aminotransferase/serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase; AST/SGOT, aspartate aminotransferase/serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase; ALP, alkaline phosphatase; TP, total protein; ALB, albumin; A/G, albumin/globulin; CRP/ALB, C-reactive protein/albumin; Glu-R, serum random glucose; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase
| First Wave (N: 5628) | Second Wave (N: 1788) | P Value | |||
| N (%) | Median (IQR) | N (%) | Median (IQR) | ||
| Gender | |||||
| Male | 4306 (76.5) | - | 1179 (65.9) | - | <0.001 |
| Female | 1318 (23.4) | - | 609 (34.1) | - | |
| Others | 4 (0.1) | - | 0 (0.0) | - | |
| Severity | |||||
| Asymptomatic | 924 (16.4) | - | 30 (1.7) | - | <0.001 |
| Mild | 3738 (66.4) | - | 557 (31.2) | - | |
| Moderate | 475 (8.4) | - | 430 (24.0) | - | |
| Severe | 491 (8.7) | - | 771 (43.1) | - | |
| Outcome | |||||
| Recovered | 5509 (97.9) | - | 1446 (80.9) | <0.001 | |
| Expired | 119 (2.1) | - | 342 (19.1) | - | |
| Age (Years) | 5628 (75.9) | 38 (29.0-51.0) | 1788 (24.1) | 49 (35.8-60) | <0.001 |
| Duration (Days) | 5628 (75.9) | 10 (8-12) | 1788 (24.1) | 8 (5-12) | <0.001 |
| Hb (g/dL) | 5590 (75.9) | 13.40 (12.0-14.6) | 1771 (24.1) | 13.0 (11.7-14.4) | <0.001 |
| HCT (%) | 5590 (75.9) | 42.39 (38.5-45.8) | 1771 (24.1) | 41.5 (37.8-45.2) | <0.001 |
| RBC (106/µL) | 5590 (75.9) | 4.69 (4.3-5.1) | 1771 (24.1) | 4.6 (4.2-5) | <0.001 |
| MCV (fL) | 5590 (75.9) | 90.50 (86.1-94.8) | 1771 (24.1) | 90.5 (86.4-94.9) | 0.59 |
| MCH (pg) | 5590 (75.9) | 28.82 (27.2-30.3) | 1771 (24.1) | 28.74 (27-30.2) | 0.12 |
| MCHC (g/dL) | 5590 (75.9) | 31.68 (30.9-32.4) | 1771 (24.1) | 31.5 (30.6-32.3) | <0.001 |
| RDW (%) | 5590 (75.9) | 14.20 (13.4-15.2) | 1771 (24.1) | 14.0 (13.3-15.1) | 0.01 |
| PLT (103/µL) | 5590 (75.9) | 206.00 (155.0-268.0) | 1771 (24.1) | 225.0 (165-312) | <0.001 |
| TLC (103/µL) | 5590 (75.9) | 5.70 (4.5-7.3) | 1771 (24.1) | 7.7 (5.2-11.3) | <0.001 |
| Neutrophils (%) | 5449 (75.5) | 57.10 (48.8-66.5) | 1764 (24.5) | 78.8 (65-86.6) | <0.001 |
| ANC (103/µL) | 5449 (75.5) | 3.18 (2.3-4.5) | 1764 (24.5) | 6.0 (3.4-9.6) | <0.001 |
| Lymphocytes (%) | 5449 (75.5) | 29.60 (21.4-36.6) | 1764 (24.5) | 12.1 (6.6-23.8) | <0.001 |
| ALC (103/µL) | 5449 (75.5) | 1.58 (1.1-2.1) | 1764 (24.5) | 0.9 (0.6-1.3) | <0.001 |
| Eosinophils (%) | 5449 (75.5) | 1.40 (0.5-2.8) | 1764 (24.5) | 0.2 (0-0.7) | <0.001 |
| AEC (103/µL) | 5449 (75.5) | 0.08 (0.0-0.2) | 1764 (24.5) | 0.0 (0-0) | <0.001 |
| Monocytes (%) | 5449 (75.5) | 6.50 (5.2-7.9) | 1764 (24.5) | 5.3 (3.9-7.1) | <0.001 |
| AMC (103/µL) | 5449 (75.5) | 0.4 (0.3-0.6) | 1764 (24.5) | 0.37 (0.3-0.5) | <0.001 |
| Basophils (%) | 5449 (75.5) | 0.70 (0.4-1.4) | 1764 (24.5) | 0.4 (0.2-0.6) | <0.001 |
| ABC (103/µL) | 5449 (75.5) | 0.04 (0.0-0.1) | 1764 (24.5) | 0.0 (0-0) | <0.001 |
| NLR (Ratio) | 5449 (75.5) | 1.93 (1.3-3.1) | 1764 (24.5) | 6.5 (2.7-13.3) | <0.001 |
| PLR (Ratio) | 5449 (75.5) | 129.26 (93.3-186.0) | 1764 (24.5) | 242.0 (143.1-408.5) | <0.001 |
| LMR (Ratio) | 5449 (75.5) | 4.30 (3.0-5.8) | 1764 (24.5) | 2.4 (1.3-3.8) | <0.001 |
| SII (Ratio) | 5449 (75.5) | 403.21 (244.6-703.9) | 1764 (24.5) | 1433.8 (506.5-3589.5) | <0.001 |
| NMR (Ratio) | 5449 (75.5) | 8.62 (6.4-11.7) | 1764 (24.5) | 14.5 (9.4-21.2) | <0.001 |
| TBIL (mg/dL) | 5610 (75.9) | 0.57 (0.4-0.8) | 1777 (24.1) | 0.5 (0.4-0.7) | <0.001 |
| DBIL (mg/dL) | 5614 (76.0) | 0.21 (0.2-0.3) | 1777 (24.0) | 0.2 (0.2-0.3) | <0.001 |
| IBIL (mg/dL) | 5610 (75.9) | 0.36 (0.3-0.5) | 1777 (24.1) | 0.3 (0.2-0.4) | <0.001 |
| SGPT/ALT (U/L) | 5613 (76.0) | 37.00 (23.6-60) | 1777 (24.0) | 48.0 (28-84) | <0.001 |
| SGOT/AST (U/L) | 5614 (76.0) | 34.20 (26.6-49) | 1777 (24.0) | 45.0 (31-74) | <0.001 |
| ALP (IU) | 5613 (76.0) | 81.0 (64-106) | 1777 (24.0) | 83.00 (69-105) | <0.001 |
| TP (g/dL) | 5614 (76.0) | 6.81 (6.5-7.2) | 1777 (24.0) | 6.4 (6-6.8) | <0.001 |
| Globulin (g/dL) | 5614 (76.0) | 2.56 (2.3-2.8) | 1777 (24.0) | 2.6 (2.3-2.8) | 0.54 |
| A/G Ratio | 5614 (76.0) | 1.65 (1.5-1.8) | 1777 (24.0) | 1.5 (1.3-1.7) | <0.001 |
| Albumin (g/dL) | 5614 (76.0) | 4.30 (4-4.5) | 1777 (24.0) | 3.8 (3.5-4.1) | <0.001 |
| Urea (mg/dL) | 5594 (75.9) | 21.40 (15-27.8) | 1774 (24.1) | 34.2 (23.5-53.5) | <0.001 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 5600 (75.9) | 0.76 (0.7-0.9) | 1775 (24.1) | 0.8 (0.6-0.9) | <0.001 |
| Uric Acid (mg/dL) | 5598 (75.9) | 5.00 (4-6) | 1775 (24.1) | 4.6 (3.6-5.8) | <0.001 |
| Calcium (mg/dL) | 5600 (75.9) | 8.95 (8.6-9.3) | 1775 (24.1) | 8.4 (8.1-8.8) | <0.001 |
| Phosphorus (mg/dL) | 5599 (75.9) | 2.94 (2.5-3.5) | 1774 (24.1) | 3.0 (2.5-3.5) | <0.001 |
| Sodium (mmol/L) | 5600 (75.9) | 140.00 (138-141) | 1775 (24.1) | 138.0 (136-140) | <0.001 |
| Potassium (mmol/L) | 5599 (75.9) | 4.30 (4-4.6) | 1775 (24.1) | 4.5 (4.1-5) | <0.001 |
| Chloride (mmol/L) | 5600 (75.9) | 104.00 (102-106) | 1775 (24.1) | 102.0 (99-105) | <0.001 |
| Ferritin (ng/mL) | 3669 (80.2) | 165.40 (69.5-374.8) | 903 (19.8) | 600.8 (211.2-1158) | <0.001 |
| LDH (U/L) | 3069 (64.4) | 253.00 (213-337) | 1695 (35.6) | 383.0 (265-549.5) | <0.001 |
| CRP (U/L) | 4328 (71.2) | 0.44 (0.1-2.4) | 1753 (28.8) | 3.7 (1.2-9.2) | <0.001 |
| Procalcitonin (ng/mL) | 1968 (76.0) | 0.02 (0-0.1) | 621 (24.0) | 0.1 (0-0.2) | <0.001 |
| IL-6 (pg/mL) | 2244 (66.9) | 4.00 (1-15.9) | 1110 (33.1) | 13.1 (4.8-40.4) | <0.001 |
| CRP-ALB (Ratio) | 4326 (71.2) | 0.10 (0-0.6) | 1747 (28.8) | 1.0 (0.3-2.6) | <0.001 |
| APTT (Seconds) | 3864 (69.8) | 32.20 (30-34.7) | 1674 (30.2) | 32.7 (29.8-35.9) | <0.001 |
| D-Dimer (ng/mL) | 3916 (70.8) | 114.00 (65-217) | 1615 (29.2) | 250.0 (147-550.5) | <0.001 |
| Fibrinogen (mg/dL) | 3874 (70.4) | 326.00 (275-403) | 1625 (29.6) | 415.0 (341-485) | <0.001 |
| PT (Seconds) | 3954 (70.4) | 11.7 (11-12.5) | 1666 (29.6) | 12.30 (11.6-13) | <0.001 |
| INR (Ratio) | 3947 (70.3) | 1.06 (1-1.1) | 1666 (29.7) | 1.0 (0.9-1.1) | <0.001 |
| Glu-R (mg/dL) | 5118 (77.1) | 92.00 (79-122) | 1524 (22.9) | 125.0 (95-188.3) | <0.001 |
| HbA1c (%) | 2470 (63.7) | 5.79 (5.4-6.4) | 1406 (36.3) | 5.8 (5.3-6.8) | 0.56 |