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. 2023 Jun 11;15(6):e40273. doi: 10.7759/cureus.40273

Table 9. Inter- and intra-COVID-19 wave comparison as per the outcome of COVID-19.

N, number of patients; IQR, interquartile range; Hb, hemoglobin; HCT, hematocrit; RBC, red blood cell; TLC, total leucocyte count; PLT, platelet; MCV, mean corpuscular volume; MCH, mean corpuscular hemoglobin; MCHC, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration; RDW: red cell distribution width; ANC, absolute neutrophil counts; ALC, absolute lymphocyte counts; AMC, absolute monocyte counts; AEC, absolute eosinophil counts; ABC, absolute basophil counts; NLR, neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio; PLR, platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio; LMR, lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio; NMR, neutrophil-to-monocyte ratio; SII, systemic immune-inflammation index; PT, prothrombin time; INR, international normalized ratio; aPTT, activated partial thromboplastin time; TBIL, total bilirubin; DBIL, direct bilirubin; IBIL, indirect bilirubin; ALT/SGPT, alanine aminotransferase/serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase; AST/SGOT, aspartate aminotransferase/serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase; ALP, alkaline phosphatase; TP, total protein; ALB, albumin; A/G, albumin/globulin; CRP/ALB, C-reactive protein/albumin; Glu-R, serum random glucose; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase

  First Wave (N: 5628) First Wave First Wave (N: 1788) First Wave Recovered Expired
  Recovered (N: 5509) Expired (N: 119) Recovered Versus Expired Recovered (N: 1446) Expired (N: 342) Recovered Versus Expired First Wave Versus Second Wave First Wave Versus Second Wave
  N Median (IQR) N Median (IQR) Total; P Value N Median (IQR) N Median (IQR) Total; P Value Total; P Value Total; P Value
Age (Tears) 5509 38 (29-50) 119 62 (16-52) 5628; <0.001 1446 46 (33-57) 342 59 (50-69) 1788; <0.001 6955; <0.001 6955; 0.13
Duration (Days) 5509 10 (8-12) 119 9 (1-4) 5628; 0.03 1446 8 (5-12) 342 9 (5-14) 1788; 0.21 6955; <0.001 6955; 0.82
Hb (g/dL) 5472 13.5 (12.1-14.6) 118 11.6 (5-9.5) 5590; <0.001 1432 13.1 (11.8-14.4) 339 12.9 (11.4-14.2) 1771; 0.09 6904; <0.001 6904; <0.001
HCT (%) 5472 42.4 (38.6-45.8) 118 38.1 (17-31.5) 5590; <0.001 1432 41.6 (37.9-45.2) 339 41.3 (37.4-45) 1771; 0.52 6904; <0.001 6904; <0.001
RBC (106/µL) 5472 4.7 (4.3-5.1) 118 4.2 (2-3.5) 5590; <0.001 1432 4.6 (4.2-5) 339 4.57 (4.1-5) 1771; 0.07 6904; <0.001 6904; <0.001
MCV (fL) 5472 90.5 (86.2-94.7) 118 91.6 (67-85.6) 5590; 0.14 1432 90.4 (86.4-94.5) 339 91.4 (86.6-96.5) 1771; 0.01 6904; 0.67 6904; 0.99
MCH (pg) 5472 28.8 (27.2-30.3) 118 28.3 (18-26.5) 5590; 0.12 1432 28.7 (27-30.1) 339 28.7 (27-30.4) 1771; 0.72 6904; 0.1 6904; 0.27
MCHC (g/dL) 5472 31.7 (30.9-32.4) 118 30.9 (23-29.9) 5590; <0.001 1432 31.5 (30.6-32.3) 339 31.2 (30.3-32) 1771; <0.001 6904; <0.001 6904; 0.13
RDW (%) 5472 14.2 (13.4-15.1) 118 15.1 (12-14) 5590; <0.001 1432 13.9 (13.3-14.9) 339 14.6 (13.8-15.7) 1771; <0.001 6904; <0.001 6904; 0.01
PLT (103/µL) 5472 206 (155-267) 118 197.5 (12-135.8) 5590; 0.23 1432 225 (164-312) 339 234 (170.5-319) 1771; 0.59 6904; <0.001 6904; <0.001
TLC (103/µL) 5472 5.7 (4.5-7.2) 118 11.4 (2-7) 5590; <0.001 1432 7.1 (4.9-10.2) 339 11.3 (8.2-15.4) 1771; <0.001 6904; <0.001 6904; 0.84
Neutrophils (%) 5333 56.8 (48.6-65.8) 116 88.2 (54-84.2) 5449; <0.001 1430 75.1 (62.3-84.5) 334 88 (82.8-90.7) 1764; <0.001 6763; <0.001 6763; 0.48
ANC (103/µL) 5333 3.1 (2.3-4.4) 116 9.3 (1-6.2) 5449; <0.001 1430 5.1 (3-8.3) 334 9.96 (6.8-13.9) 1764; <0.001 6763; <0.001 6763; 0.87
Lymphocytes (%) 5333 29.8 (22-36.7) 116 5.6 (1-3.2) 5449; <0.001 1430 15.2 (8.1-26.1) 334 5.7 (3.5-9.2) 1764; <0.001 6763; <0.001 6763; 0.89
ALC (103/µL) 5333 1.6 (1.2-2.1) 116 0.6 (0-0.5) 5449; <0.001 1430 1 (0.7-1.4) 334 0.6 (0.4-0.9) 1764; <0.001 6763; <0.001 6763; 0.99
Eosinophils (%) 5333 1.4 (0.5-2.8) 116 0.1 (0-0) 5449; <0.001 1430 0.2 (0.1-1) 334 0.1 (0-0.1) 1764; <0.001 6763; <0.001 6763; 0.31
AEC (103/µL) 5333 0.1 (0-0.2) 116 0 (0-0) 5449; <0.001 1430 0 (0-0.1) 334 0.006 (0-0) 1764; <0.001 6763; <0.001 6763; 0.32
Monocytes (%) 5333 6.5 (5.2-8) 116 3.6 (1-2.8) 5449; <0.001 1430 5.7 (4.2-7.5) 334 4.1 (3.2-5.1) 1764; <0.001 6763; <0.001 6763; 0.05
AMC 103/µL 5333 0.4 (0.3-0.5) 116 0.4 (0-0.2) 5449; 0.17 1430 0.4 (0.3-0.6) 334 0.5 (0.3-0.7) 1764; <0.001 6763; <0.001 6763; 0.04
Basophils (%) 5333 0.7 (0.4-1.4) 116 0.3 (0-0.2) 5449; <0.001 1430 0.4 (0.2-0.6) 334 0.3 (0.2-0.5) 1764; <0.001 6763; <0.001 6763; 0.85
ABC (103/µL) 5333 0 (0-0.1) 116 0 (0-0) 5449; <0.001 1430 0 (0-0) 334 0.03 (0-0.1) 1764; <0.001 6763; <0.001 6763; 0.91
NLR (Ratio) 5333 1.9 (1.3-3) 116 15.8 (2-9.2) 5449; <0.001 1430 5 (2.4-10.3) 334 15.3 (9.1-25.8) 1764; <0.001 6763; <0.001 6763; 0.83
PLR (Ratio) 5333 127.8 (92.7-182.5) 116 300.8 (28-186.3) 5449; <0.001 1430 215.7 (132.4-373.6) 334 357.5 (222.9-579.5) 1764; <0.001 6763; <0.001 6763; 0.12
LMR (Ratio) 5333 4.3 (3.1-5.8) 116 1.6 (0-0.9) 5449; <0.001 1430 2.7 (1.6-4.1) 334 1.4 (0.8-2.2) 1764; <0.001 6763; <0.001 6763; 0.23
SII (Ratio) 5333 396.7 (242.1-671) 116 2550.7 (164-1307.2) 5449; 0.34 1430 1084 (436.7-2897.3) 334 3415.3 (1731.2-7032.7) 1764; 0.76 6763; 0.28 6763; 0.39
NMR (Ratio) 5333 8.5 (6.4-11.5) 116 24.4 (6-16.3) 5449; <0.001 1430 12.9 (8.6-19) 334 21.13 (16.3-27.6) 1764; <0.001 6763; <0.001 6763; 0.05
TBIL (mg/dL) 5491 0.6 (0.4-0.8) 119 0.6 (0-0.3) 5610; 0.07 1436 0.5 (0.4-0.7) 341 0.55 (0.4-0.8) 1777; <0.001 6927; <0.001 6927; 0.19
DBIL (mg/dL) 5495 0.2 (0.2-0.3) 119 0.2 (0-0.2) 5614; <0.001 1436 0.2 (0.2-0.3) 341 0.26 (0.2-0.4) 1777; <0.001 6931; 0.47 6931; 0.2
IBIL (mg/dL) 5491 0.4 (0.3-0.5) 119 0.3 (0-0.2) 5610; <0.001 1436 0.3 (0.2-0.4) 341 0.3 (0.2-0.4) 1777; 0.1 6927; <0.001 6927; 0.15
SGPT/ALT (U/L) 5494 37 (23.5-60) 119 36 (7-25) 5613; 0.71 1436 47 (27-83) 341 51 (30-89) 1777; 0.03 6930; <0.001 6930; <0.001
SGOT/AST (U/L) 5495 34 (26.4-48.2) 119 53 (11-35) 5614; <0.001 1436 43 (30-67) 341 62 (39-101) 1777; <0.001 6931; <0.001 6931; 0.22
ALP (IU) 5494 83 (68-104) 119 101 (32-75) 5613; <0.001 1436 79 (63-101) 341 93 (70-130) 1777; <0.001 6930; <0.001 6930; 0.05
TP (g/dL) 5495 6.8 (6.5-7.2) 119 5.7 (3-5.1) 5614; <0.001 1436 6.5 (6.1-6.9) 341 6.2 (5.8-6.6) 1777; <0.001 6931; <0.001 6931; <0.001
Albumin (g/dL) 5495 4.3 (4-4.5) 119 3.2 (2-2.7) 5614; <0.001 1436 3.9 (3.6-4.2) 341 3.5 (3.3-3.8) 1777; <0.001 6931; <0.001 6931; <0.001
Globulin (g/dL) 5495 2.6 (2.3-2.8) 119 2.5 (1-2.1) 5614; 0.28 1436 2.56 (2.3-2.8) 341 2.64 (2.4-3) 1777; <0.001 6931; 0.39 6931; 0.03
A/G Ratio 5495 1.7 (1.5-1.8) 119 1.3 (0-1) 5614; <0.001 1436 1.53 (1.3-1.7) 341 1.34 (1.2-1.5) 1777; <0.001 6931; <0.001 6931; 0.16
Urea (mg/dL) 5475 21.4 (15-27.8) 119 68.5 (7-42.8) 5594; <0.001 1435 30 (21.4-44.9) 339 60 (44.9-87.9) 1774; <0.001 6910; <0.001 6910; 0.43
Creatinine (mg/dL) 5481 0.8 (0.7-0.9) 119 1 (0-0.7) 5600; <0.001 1435 0.73 (0.6-0.9) 340 0.9 (0.7-1.4) 1775; <0.001 6916; <0.001 6916; 0.04
Uric Acid (mg/dL) 5479 5 (4-6) 119 5.2 (1-3.9) 5598; 0.02 1435 4.5 (3.6-5.5) 340 5.4 (4.2-7.5) 1775; <0.001 6914; <0.001 6914; 0.85
Calcium (mg/dL) 5481 9 (8.6-9.3) 119 8.2 (6-7.6) 5600; <0.001 1435 8.5 (8.1-8.8) 340 8.2 (7.9-8.6) 1775; <0.001 6916; <0.001 6916; 0.87
Phosphorus (mg/dL) 5480 2.9 (2.5-3.5) 119 3.2 (0-2.7) 5599; <0.001 1434 3 (2.5-3.5) 340 3.045 (2.5-3.8) 1774; 0.02 6914; 0.2 6914; 0.1
Sodium (mmol/L) 5481 140 (138-141) 119 138 (109-134.5) 5600; 0.04 1435 138 (136-140) 340 139 (135-143) 1775; <0.001 6916; <0.001 6916; 0.95
Potassium (mmol/L) 5480 4.3 (4-4.6) 119 4.6 (3-4.1) 5599; <0.001 1435 4.5 (4.1-4.9) 340 4.8 (4.3-5.3) 1775; <0.001 6915; <0.001 6915; 0.18
Chloride (mmol/L) 5481 104 (102-106) 119 103 (78-99) 5600; 0.29 1435 102 (99-104) 340 103 (99-107) 1775; 0.01 6916; <0.001 6916; 0.27
Ferritin (ng/mL) 3555 158.1 (67.8-354.5) 114 842.5 (46-364.2) 3669; <0.001 699 454.9 (163.6-1004.1) 206 1049.5 (591.9-1650) 905; <0.001 4254; <0.001 4254; 0.09
LDH (U/L) 2967 251 (212-327) 102 537 (141-356.3) 3069; <0.001 1375 333 (248.5-466) 321 656.5 (503.3-874.3) 1696; <0.001 4342; <0.001 4342; 0.04
CRP (U/L) 4215 0.4 (0.1-2.2) 113 12.2 (0-4.1) 4328; <0.001 1420 2.752 (0.8-7.3) 335 9.371 (5.1-15.7) 1755; <0.001 5635; <0.001 5635; 0.35
Procalcitonin (ng/mL) 1888 0 (0-0.1) 80 0.3 (0-0.1) 1968; <0.001 444 0.04 (0-0.1) 180 0.15 (0.1-0.6) 624; <0.001 2332; <0.001 2332; 0.02
IL-6 (pg/mL) 2151 3.7 (0.9-13.7) 93 57.8 (0-22.1) 2244; <0.001 830 9.4 (3.5-25.2) 281 40.3 (14.8-97.2) 1111; <0.001 2981; <0.001 2981; 0.05
CRP/ALB (Ratio) 4213 0.1 (0-0.5) 113 3.9 (0-1.5) 4326; <0.001 1414 0.75 (0.2-2) 334 2.7 (1.4-4.7) 1748; <0.001 5627; <0.001 5627; 0.04
APTT (Seconds) 3757 32.2 (30-34.6) 107 33.5 (17-28.6) 3864; 0.15 1355 32.7 (29.9-35.7) 319 32.6 (29.5-36.5) 1674; 0.59 5112; 0.005 5112; 0.83
D-Dimer (ng/mL) 3812 111 (64-201) 104 758.5 (141-385) 3916; <0.001 1307 214 (131-376) 313 756 (366-2862.3) 1620; <0.001 5119; <0.001 5119; 0.69
Fibrinogen (mg/dL) 3766 324 (274-401) 108 409.5 (110-323.3) 3874; <0.001 1308 405 (337-479) 323 439 (364-512) 1631; <0.001 5074; <0.001 5074; 0.03
PT (Seconds) 3838 12.2 (11.6-13) 117 13.7 (10-12.5) 3955; <0.001 1348 11.6 (11-12.4) 324 12.1 (11.2-13.4) 1672; <0.001 5186; <0.001 5186; <0.001
INR (Ratio) 3831 1.1 (1-1.1) 117 1.2 (1-1.1) 3948; <0.001 1348 1 (0.9-1.1) 324 1.05 (1-1.2) 1672; <0.001 5179; <0.001 5179; <0.001
Glu-R (mg/dL) 5020 91 (79-121) 98 154.5 (31-107.3) 5118; <0.001 1255 116 (93-171) 269 170 (122-272) 1524; <0.001 6275; <0.001 6275; 0.03
HbA1c (%) 2393 5.7 (5.4-6.3) 77 6.7 (4-6) 2470; <0.001 1151 5.7 (5.2-6.5) 255 6.3 (5.7-7.6) 1406; <0.001 3544; <0.001 3544; 0.05