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. 2023 Jun 27;9(7):e17547. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17547

Table 7.

Toda-yamamoto tests of granger causality.

Variable Dependent Variable
LRGDP LRGFDI LRMA
LRGDP 0.934285 (0.6195) 8.514521** (0.0142)
LRGFDI 6.819247** (0.0329) 8.931354** (0.0114)
LRMA 5.129743* (0.0769) 0.856011 (0.6617)

Note: ** and * denote the rejection of null hypothesis at 5% and 10% significance levels respectively. Corresponding p-values are in parentheses.