Table 1. Baseline Characteristics of the Study Cohort by HOLC Grade.
| Characteristic | Overall | HOLC Grade | P value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A | B | C | D | |||
| No. | 79 997 | 5204 | 16 383 | 33 952 | 24 458 | |
| Condition, No. (%) | ||||||
| Coronary artery disease | 45 026 (56.3) | 3234 (62.1) | 9476 (57.8) | 19 180 (56.5) | 13 136 (53.7) | <.001 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 18 043 (22.6) | 1088 (20.9) | 3599 (22.0) | 7566 (22.3) | 5790 (23.7) | |
| Peripheral artery disease | 16 928 (21.2) | 882 (16.9) | 3308 (20.2) | 7206 (21.2) | 5532 (22.6) | |
| Age, mean (SD), y | 74.46 (10.16) | 76.58 (10.52) | 75.20 (10.32) | 74.48 (10.06) | 73.48 (10.01) | <.001 |
| Sex | .28 | |||||
| Male | 77 716 (97.1) | 5058 (97.2) | 15 905 (97.1) | 33 026 (97.3) | 23 727 (97.0) | |
| Female | 2281 (2.9) | 146 (2.8) | 478 (2.9) | 926 (2.7) | 731 (3.0) | |
| Racea | ||||||
| American Indian or Alaska Native | 914 (1.1) | 68 (1.3) | 173 (1.1) | 365 (1.1) | 308 (1.3) | <.001 |
| Asian | 463 (0.6) | 18 (0.3) | 81 (0.5) | 166 (0.5) | 198 (0.8) | |
| Black | 29 873 (37.3) | 1309 (25.2) | 5418 (33.1) | 11 602 (34.2) | 11 544 (47.2) | |
| White | 44 584 (55.7) | 3550 (68.2) | 9927 (60.6) | 19 947 (58.8) | 11 160 (45.6) | |
| Declined to report | 3323 (4.2) | 174 (3.3) | 614 (3.7) | 1505 (4.4) | 1030 (4.2) | |
| Unknown | 840 (1.1) | 85 (1.6) | 170 (1.0) | 367 (1.1) | 218 (0.9) | |
| Ethnicitya | ||||||
| Hispanic | 4341 (5.4) | 201 (3.9) | 713 (4.4) | 1859 (5.5) | 1568 (6.4) | <.001 |
| Not Hispanic | 73 474 (91.8) | 4861 (93.4) | 15 226 (92.9) | 31 088 (91.6) | 22 299 (91.2) | |
| Unknown | 2182 (2.7) | 142 (2.7) | 444 (2.7) | 1005 (3.0) | 591 (2.4) | |
| Community deprivation index, mean (SD) (range: 0-1) | 0.44 (0.11) | 0.38 (0.11) | 0.42 (0.11) | 0.44 (0.11) | 0.49 (0.11) | <.001 |
| Smoking | 23 887 (29.9) | 1413 (27.2) | 4683 (28.6) | 10 182 (30.0) | 7609 (31.1) | <.001 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 34 018 (42.5) | 2092 (40.2) | 6818 (41.6) | 14 279 (42.1) | 10 829 (44.3) | <.001 |
| Obesity | 24 815 (31.0) | 1562 (30.0) | 4968 (30.3) | 10 627 (31.3) | 7658 (31.3) | .04 |
| Hypertension | 66 435 (83.0) | 4270 (82.1) | 13592 (83.0) | 28 175 (83.0) | 20 398 (83.4) | .11 |
| Diabetes | 38 396 (48.0) | 2310 (44.4) | 7670 (46.8) | 16 449 (48.4) | 11 967 (48.9) | <.001 |
| Heart failure | 11 354 (14.2) | 668 (12.8) | 2203 (13.4) | 4804 (14.1) | 3679 (15.0) | <.001 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 13 254 (16.6) | 1041 (20.0) | 2883 (17.6) | 5715 (16.8) | 3615 (14.8) | <.001 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 16 817 (21.0) | 993 (19.1) | 3377 (20.6) | 7198 (21.2) | 5249 (21.5) | .001 |
| Prior myocardial infarction | 2427 (3.0) | 162 (3.1) | 532 (3.2) | 1029 (3.0) | 704 (2.9) | .20 |
| Prior percutaneous coronary intervention | 2110 (2.6) | 149 (2.9) | 495 (3.0) | 908 (2.7) | 558 (2.3) | <.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mean (SD), mm Hg | 134.81 (20.79) | 133.92 (20.18) | 134.53 (20.61) | 134.79 (20.80) | 135.20 (21.00) | <.001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mean (SD), mm Hg | 75.01 (11.93) | 74.09 (11.99) | 74.63 (11.95) | 74.79 (11.82) | 75.77 (12.02) | <.001 |
| Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, mean (SD), mg/dL | 87.15 (34.56) | 86.73 (33.57) | 87.82 (34.66) | 86.23 (34.18) | 88.09 (35.18) | <.001 |
Abbreviation: HOLC, Home Owners’ Loan Corporation.
SI conversion factor: To convert cholesterol levels to millimoles per liter, multiply by 0.0259.
a
Race was self-reported and ethnicity was reported separately.