Table 1.

Study population

Characteristic	Participants (n=424)
Mean age, years (SD)	49 (17)
Female	199 (47%)
Race
White	358 (84%)
Black	32 (8%)
Asian	17 (4%)
Other	16 (4%)
Hispanic/Latinx ethnicity	25 (6%)
Mean body mass index, kg/m2 (SD)	30 (8)
Medical history
Depression	115 (27%)
Anxiety	127 (30%)
Mood disorder (other)	15 (4%)
Chronic pain condition	158 (37%)
Prior ureteroscopy	154 (36%)
Prior ureteral stent placement	170 (40%)
Severe pain with prior ureteral stent	80 (19%)
Severe urinary symptoms with prior ureteral stent	102 (24%)
Medication use in 30 days prior to URS
Opioids	111 (26%)
NSAIDs	155 (37%)
Tamsulosin (or alpha blocker)	136 (32%)
Oxybutynin (or anticholinergic)	9 (2.1%)

Data shown are n (%) except where indicated. SD = standard deviation; NSAIDs = nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.