Table 3.
Mean annual healthcare expenditures according to the non-pharmacological intervention group.
| Dual | Single | None | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sample size (n) | 591 | 1,030 | 347 | ||||
| Population size (N) | 7,790,811 | 13,775,265 | 4,807,413 | ||||
| Expenditures categories | Mean | 95% CI | Mean | 95% CI | Mean | 95% CI | p-value a |
| Prescribed medicine ($) | 4,945 | 4,222–5,668 | 6,293 | 5,750–6,835 | 7,076 | 5,894–8,259 | 0.0149 |
| Hospital stays ($) | 4,499 | 1,623–7,375 | 3,290 | 2,315–4,265 | 4,319 | 1,833–6,806 | <0.0001 |
| Outpatient cost ($) | 844 | 586–1,101 | 1,524 | 9,16–2,133 | 1,055 | 439–1,671 | 0.0277 |
| Office-based cost ($) | 3,012 | 2,160–3,865 | 3,376 | 2,718–4,033 | 3,052 | 2,452–3,652 | 0.0534 |
| Emergency room cost ($) | 308 | 213–402 | 383 | 310–456 | 412 | 247–578 | <0.0001 |
| Total Healthcare cost ($) | 15,134 | 11,803– 18,464 | 17,058 | 15,234–18,881 | 18,428 | 14,606– 22,250 | 0.0006 |
a p-values were found using a generalized linear model using a gamma distribution for differences among those with dual, single, and no non-pharmacological intervention.