Table 3.

Associations between 2-year change in second-generation DNAm markers and 2-year change in secondary cognitive outcome scores (n = 45)

2-year change in DNAm marker	2-year change in secondary cognitive outcomes
	General cognitive score (3MS)		Verbal memoryd		Executive function/attentione
	β (95% CI)	p	β (95% CI)	p	β (95% CI)	p
DNAmPhenoAge,a in years	−0.11 (−0.62 to 0.40)	0.65	−0.07 (−0.13 to −0.01)	0.03	0.03 (0.003 to 0.06)	0.03
DNAmGrimAge,b in years	−0.57 (−1.46 to 0.32)	0.20	−0.08 (−0.20 to 0.04)	0.17	−0.06 (−0.11 to −0.01)	0.03
DNAmTL,c per 100-base pair	0.93 (−0.68 to 2.54)	0.25	0.21 (0.01 to 0.41)	0.04	0.07 (−0.03 to 0.17)	0.15

DNAm, DNA methylation; 3MS, the Modified Mini-Mental State; CI, confidence interval. Results of secondary cognitive outcomes were not adjusted for multiple hypothesis testing; findings should be interpreted with caution.

^aDNAmPhenoAge is a validated novel epigenetic clock that predicts varying aging outcomes, including all-cause mortality, cancers, healthspan, physical functioning, and Alzheimer’s disease [4].

^bDNAmGrimAge is a validated novel DNAm biomarker which predicts lifespan and all-cause mortality [5].

^cDNAmTL is a DNA methylation measurement of telomere length (unit is per 100-base pair) [6].

^dVerbal memory score is a composite score for the mean of the z-scores of 4 tests: the immediate and delayed recalls of both the TICS 10-word list and the East Boston Memory Test.

^eExecutive function/attention score is a composite score for the mean of the z-scores of 4 tests: trails making tests A and B, and category fluency tests (naming animals and vegetables).