Table 1.

List of measures and time points collected during the study.

Category	Measure	Time point
Individual level of socioecological framework	Sociodemographic: gender, age, orphanhood status, education, income and unemployment, food insecurity [133], experienced homelessness, refugee, day and boarding school, and urban and rural residence. Mental health: depression [134], hopelessness [135], optimism [136], stress [137], pain [138], and history of substance abuse [139].	Cross-sectional survey, qualitative interview, focus group discussion, randomized controlled trial
Interpersonal and relationship levels of socioecological framework	Loneliness [140], number of close friends, bullying, interpersonal violence [141,142], social support [143], family cohesion [144,145], childhood abuse and trauma [146], family history of substance abuse [139], and sexual risk-taking [147]	Cross-sectional survey, qualitative interview, focus group discussion, randomized controlled trial
Community level of socioecological framework	Community norms and access to alcohol and illegal drugs	Cross-sectional survey, qualitative interview, focus group discussion, randomized controlled trial
Society level of socioecological framework	Educational campaigns, price and supply of alcohol, and social stigma [148]	Cross-sectional survey, qualitative interview, focus group discussion, randomized controlled trial
Biomarkers	Urine alcohol and drug tests	Cross-sectional survey, randomized controlled trial
Savings deposits	Savings	Randomized controlled trial
Assessments	Self-reported alcohol and drug use [139], viral load from clinic records, self-reported adherence [149], depressive symptoms [134], hopelessness [135], physical health conditions, and sexual risk-taking [147]	Randomized controlled trial