Table 2.
Change in intervention outcomes over time (n=103).
| Variable and condition | Preintervention time point (week 0), mean (SD) | Postintervention time point (week 9), mean (SD) | Follow-up (week 21), mean (SD) | η2a | P valueb | Cohen d (week 0 vs week 9) | P valuec | Cohen d (week 0 vs week 21) | P valued | |
| GAD-7e | ||||||||||
|
|
DMHf (n=42) | 10.98 (5.32) | 3.88 (4.68) | 3.71 (4.50) | 0.40 | <.001 | 1.43 | <.001g | 1.49 | <.001g |
|
|
DMH+LIh (n=29) | 12.03 (4.95) | 4.28 (5.40) | 3.86 (6.48) | 0.45d | <.001 | 1.52 | <.001g | 1.44 | <.001g |
|
|
DMH+HIi (n=32) | 11.47 (5.25) | 7.50 (4.22) | 6.50 (5.08) | 0.28 | <.001 | 0.82 | .001 | 0.90 | .02g |
| PHQ-9j | ||||||||||
|
|
DMH (n=42) | 13.14 (4.64) | 4.62 (5.00) | 4.62 (5.58) | 0.45d | <.001 | 1.79 | <.001g | 1.68 | <.001g |
|
|
DMH+LI (n=29) | 12.45 (5.72) | 4.55 (6.31) | 4.52 (7.41) | 0.45d | <.001 | 1.34 | <.001g | 1.22 | <.001g |
|
|
DMH+HI (n=32) | 13.03 (5.51) | 6.95 (3.96) | 6.86 (4.19) | 0.38d | <.001 | 1.23 | <.001 | 1.13 | .01g |
| Quality-of-life health rating | ||||||||||
|
|
DMH (n=42) | 3.43 (0.99) | 4.00 (0.86) | 4.12 (0.83) | 0.23d | <.001 | −0.60h,i | .004 | −0.73d,i | <.001 |
|
|
DMH+LI (n=29) | 3.62 (1.21) | 4.06 (1.20) | 4.07 (1.54) | 0.13 | .12 | −0.36l | .06 | −0.33l | .07 |
|
|
DMH+HI (n=32) | 3.53 (1.02) | 4.18 (0.80) | 4.43 (0.94) | 0.32h | .001 | −0.70d | <.001 | −0.85j | .01 |
| Quality-of-life utility index | ||||||||||
|
|
DMH (n=42) | 0.57 (0.18) | 0.61 (0.18) | 0.68 (0.18) | 0.21h | .003 | −0.24 | .32g | −0.61 | <.001g |
|
|
DMH+LI (n=29) | 0.51 (0.21) | 0.64 (0.25) | 0.60 (0.28) | 0.22j | .03 | −0.58h | .001 | −0.35l | .09 |
|
|
DMH+HI (n=32) | 0.56 (0.23) | 0.70 (0.17) | 0.67 (0.19) | 0.27h | .005 | −0.65h | .004 | −0.46 | .10 |
| Social support | ||||||||||
|
|
DMH (n=42) | 2.93 (0.87) | 3.18 (0.98) | 3.08 (1.06) | 0.03 | .50 | −0.27i | .08 | −0.16i | .30 |
|
|
DMH+LI (n=29) | 2.86 (0.99) | 3.12 (1.27) | 3.20 (1.32) | 0.02 | .78 | −0.23 | .74 | −0.30 | .74 |
|
|
DMH+HI (n=32) | 2.97 (1.09) | 3.27 (1.20) | 3.00 (1.04) | 0.15 | .07 | −0.27 | .18 | −0.03 | .92 |
| Sleep hour | ||||||||||
|
|
DMH (n=42) | 405.83 (70.81) | 434.21 (69.79) | 440.52 (56.87) | 0.19h | .005 | −0.40 | .007g | −0.52 | .01g |
|
|
DMH+LI (n=29) | 442.24 (78.42) | 435.88 (75.09) | 463.93 (98.53) | 0.06 | .43 | 0.08 | .62 | −0.24 | .06 |
|
|
DMH+HI (n=32) | 425.31 (79.64) | 437.59 (61.09) | 431.79 (59.47) | 0.07 | .31 | −0.17 | .15 | −0.08 | .79 |
| Physical health rating | ||||||||||
|
|
DMH (n=42) | 3.50 (0.99) | 3.57 (0.88) | 4.00 (0.82) | 0.08 | .12 | −0.07 | .91g | −0.53 | .08g |
|
|
DMH+LI (n=29) | 3.38 (1.27) | 3.41 (1.37) | 3.71 (1.33) | 0.06 | .47 | 0.02 | .67 | −0.25 | .22 |
|
|
DMH+HI (n=32) | 3.13 (1.18) | 3.64 (1.05) | 3.57 (1.02) | 0.36d | <.001 | −0.45h | .001 | −0.37h | .005 |
| Mental health rating | ||||||||||
|
|
DMH (n=42) | 2.62 (0.66) | 3.64 (0.91) | 3.68 (0.80) | 0.45d | <.001 | −1.32 | <.001g | −1.45 | <.001g |
|
|
DMH+LI (n=29) | 2.45 (0.74) | 3.29 (0.99) | 3.29 (1.54) | 0.31h | .005 | −1.00d | <.001 | −0.76j | .02 |
|
|
DMH+HI (n=32) | 2.56 (0.84) | 3.55 (0.91) | 3.57 (1.02) | 0.38d | <.001 | −1.13d | <.001 | −1.06j | .03 |
aEffect size was based on repeated measure.
bP value was based on repeated measure ANOVA.
cP value was based on one-tailed paired t test to compare outcome value at week 0 and week 9.
dP value was based on one-tailed paired t test to compare outcome value at week 0 and week 21.
eGAD-7: 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale.
fDMH: digital mental health.
gP value was based on one-tailed Wilcoxon signed rank test.
hLI: low-intensity therapist assistance.
iHI: high-intensity therapist assistance.
jPHQ-9: 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire.