Table 2.

Ecological momentary assessment (EMA) constructs and items.

EMA constructsa			Items		Response category
Block A: emotions and cognitions (17 items)
	Momentary negative affect	[Right now]: “I feel anxious,” “I feel stressed,” “I feel irritated,” “I feel sad,” and “I feel insecure”		7-point scale (ranging from not at all to very much)
	Momentary positive affect	[Right now]: “I feel cheerful” and “I feel relaxed”		7-point scale (ranging from not at all to very much)
	Momentary emptiness	[Right now]: “I feel empty”		7-point scale (ranging from not at all to very much)
	Momentary loneliness	[Right now]: “I feel lonely”		7-point scale (ranging from not at all to very much)
	Momentary emotion dysregulation	[Right now]: “My emotions are overwhelming me”		7-point scale (ranging from not at all to very much)
	Momentary rumination	[Right now]: “I am repeatedly thinking about the same problem”		7-point scale (ranging from not at all to very much)
	Momentary self-criticism	[Right now]: “I am disappointed in myself”		7-point scale (ranging from not at all to very much)
	Momentary other-criticism	[Right now]: “I am disappointed in others”		7-point scale (ranging from not at all to very much)
	Momentary body image	[Right now]: “I am satisfied with the way I look” and “I feel at ease in my body”		7-point scale (ranging from not at all to very much)
	Momentary identity	[Right now]: “I doubt who I am” and “I know what I stand for”		7-point scale (ranging from not at all to very much)
Block B: contextual information and social appraisals (5-7 items)
	Momentary situational context	“Where are you?”		(a) At home; (b) at a friend’s or family’s place; (c) school or work; (d) car, train, bus; (e) other indoors; (f) other outdoors
	Momentary activity	“What were you doing just before the beep?” (If g) “Please describe briefly what you are doing”		(a) Nothing, (b) work or studying, (c) household chores, (d) conversation, (e) leisure active (eg, sports), (f) leisure passive (eg, watching television), (g) something else
	Momentary appraisal of activity	“I enjoy this activity”		7-point scale (ranging from not at all to very much)
	Momentary social context	“Are you alone or with others?” (If b) “Who are you with physically?” (If c) “Who are you with online?”		(a) Alone, (b) others physically, (c) others on the web (a) Partner, (b) family, (c) friends, (d) colleagues, (e) acquaintances, (f) other patients, (g) unfamiliar people
	Momentary appraisal of social context	(If a): “I like being alone” (If b): “I enjoy the company of these people” (If c): “I feel connected to those I am online in contact with”		7-point scale (ranging from not at all to very much) 7-point scale (ranging from not at all to very much) 7-point scale (ranging from not at all to very much)
Block C: NSSIb (4-5 items)
	Retrospective thoughts	“Since the last beep, have you considered deliberately hurting yourself without wanting to die?”		7-point scale (ranging from not at all to very much)
	Momentary urge	“Right now, how strong is the urge present to hurt yourself without wanting to die?”		7-point scale (ranging from absent to very strong)
	Retrospective behavior	“Since the last beep, have you deliberately hurt yourself without wanting to die (for example, cut, scratched, or hit yourself)?”		(a) No, (b) yes
	Retrospective behavior (method)	(If b): “How have you self-injured?”		(a) Cutting or carving, (b) scratching, (c) hitting, (d) burning, (e) biting, (f) head banging, (g) wound interfering, (h) other method (describe briefly)
	Momentary self-efficacy to resist	“Right now, how confident are you that you can resist engaging in NSSI?”		7-point scale (ranging from not at all to very)
Block D (part 1): screen other self-damaging thoughts or behaviors and interference (2 items)
	Screen comorbid thoughts or behaviors	“Indicate all other behaviors you thought about or engaged in since the last beep, or for which you have an urge right now”		(a) Restrictive eating, (b) binge eating, (c) vomiting deliberately, (d) killing myself, (e) binge drinking, (f) using cannabis, (g) none of these
	Interference	“This beep disturbed me.”		7-point scale (ranging from not at all to very much)

^aBlocks A to D are assessed in the regular EMA surveys. Blocks A and C are only assessed in the burst EMA surveys.

^bNSSI: nonsuicidal self-injury.