Table 2.
Characteristics and therapeutics of the 4 sepsis phenotypes at the development site.
| Variable | P1 | P2 | P3 | P4 | Total | P valuea | ||||||||
| Characteristics | ||||||||||||||
|
|
Patients, n (%) | 3892 (33.79) | 1563 (13.57) | 1912 (16.60) | 4152 (36.04) | 11,519 (100) | N/Ab | |||||||
|
|
Age (years), mean (SD) | 61 (17.5) | 63 (17.7) | 60 (17.9) | 59 (17.7) | 61 (17.7) | <.001 | |||||||
|
|
Sex, n (%) | <.001 | ||||||||||||
|
|
|
Male | 2164 (55.60) | 819 (52.40) | 1178 (61.61) | 2348 (56.55) | 6509 (56.51) | N/A | ||||||
|
|
|
Female | 1728 (44.40) | 744 (47.60) | 734 (38.39) | 1804 (43.45) | 5010 (43.49) | N/A | ||||||
| Organ dysfunction | ||||||||||||||
|
|
Charlson Comorbidity Index, median (IQR) | 2 (1-4) | 2 (0-4) | 3 (1-5) | 2 (1-5) | 2 (1-4) | <.001 | |||||||
|
|
|
Congestive heart failure component, n (%) | 523 (13.44) | 211 (13.50) | 197 (10.30) | 444 (10.69) | 1375 (11.94) | <.001 | ||||||
|
|
|
Moderate or severe liver disease component, n (%) | 170 (4.37) | 45 (2.88) | 121 (6.33) | 184 (4.43) | 520 (4.51) | <.001 | ||||||
|
|
|
Renal disease component, n (%) | 653 (16.78) | 213 (13.63) | 405 (21.18) | 688 (16.57) | 1959 (17.01) | <.001 | ||||||
|
|
SOFAc score (maximum within 3 hours), median (IQR) | 2 (0-3) | 1 (0-2) | 3 (1-5) | 2 (1-4) | 2 (1-3) | <.001 | |||||||
|
|
SOFA score (maximum within 6 hours), median (IQR) | 2 (1-3) | 1 (0-2) | 3 (1-5) | 2 (1-4) | 2 (1-4) | <.001 | |||||||
| Antibiotics | ||||||||||||||
|
|
Antibiotics within 3 hours, mm (%) | 2056 (52.83) | 579 (37.04) | 1652 (86.40) | 2963 (71.36) | 7250 (62.94) | <.001 | |||||||
|
|
Antibiotics within 6 hours, n (%) | 3252 (83.56) | 1217 (77.86) | 1841 (96.29) | 3784 (91.14) | 10,094 (87.63) | <.001 | |||||||
|
|
Time to antibiotics (hours), median (IQR) | 2.82 (1.483-4.85) | 3.73 (2.25-5.633) | 1.22 (0.733-2.133) | 1.87 (1.017-3.317) | 2.2 (1.117-4.05) | <.001 | |||||||
| Fluids | ||||||||||||||
|
|
Fluids, n (%) | 3891 (99.97) | 1557 (99.62) | 1912 (100) | 4152 (100) | 11,512 (99.99) | <.001 | |||||||
|
|
Time to fluids (hours), median (IQR) | 1.05 (0.517-2.25) | 1.85 (0.783-3.45) | 0.63 (0.35-1) | 0.75 (0.383-1.417) | 0.87 (0.433-1.85) | <.001 | |||||||
|
|
Fluid intake (mL), first 3 hours, median (IQR) | 886.7 (98.61-1700) | 233.3 (0-1000) | 2153.5 (1121.88-2982.53) | 1380.6 (556.81-2393.94) | 1084.1 (266.56-2199.53) | <.001 | |||||||
| Vasopressors , n (%) | ||||||||||||||
|
|
Pressors | 253 (6.50) | 37 (2.37) | 458 (23.95) | 505 (12.16) | 1253 (10.88) | <.001 | |||||||
| Corticosteroidsd, n (%) | ||||||||||||||
|
|
Steroids | 120 (3.08) | 27 (1.73) | 96 (5.02) | 139 (3.35) | 382 (3.32) | <.001 | |||||||
| Laboratory values | ||||||||||||||
|
|
Subjects with lactate measurements, n (%) | 2631 (67.60) | 556 (35.57) | 1863 (97.44) | 3679 (88.61) | 8729 (75.78) | <.001 | |||||||
|
|
Lactate (mmol/L), median (IQR) | 1.9 (1.4-2.6) | 1.7 (1.4-2.2) | 2.6 (2-3.7) | 2.2 (1.5-3.2) | 2.2 (1.5-3.1) | <.001 | |||||||
|
|
Platelets (1000/μL), median (IQR) | 221 (146-305) | 212.5 (158-276.75) | 194 (114-277) | 215 (137-309) | 213 (140-298) | <.001 | |||||||
|
|
Fibrinogen (mg/dL), median (IQR) | 203 (162-341) | 430 (267.5-430.5) | 288.5 (234.5-412) | 189.5 (125.5-437) | 235 (155.25-426.25) | .5 | |||||||
|
|
INRe, median (IQR) | 1.2 (1.1-1.5) | 1.2 (1.1-1.4) | 1.35 (1.2-1.7) | 1.3 (1.2-1.6) | 1.3 (1.1-1.6) | <.001 | |||||||
| Outcomes , n (%) | ||||||||||||||
|
|
Mortality | 186 (4.78) | 26 (1.66) | 179 (9.36) | 324 (7.80) | 715 (6.21) | <.001 | |||||||
|
|
Hospice | 20 (0.51) | 7 (0.45) | 19 (0.99) | 39 (0.94) | 85 (0.74) | .04 | |||||||
|
|
Septic shock | 253 (6.50) | 37 (2.37) | 458 (23.95) | 505 (12.16) | 1253 (10.88) | <.001 | |||||||
|
|
Acute kidney injury | 1103 (28.34) | 393 (25.14) | 708 (37.03) | 1275 (30.71) | 3479 (30.20) | <.001 | |||||||
|
|
Mechanical ventilation | 310 (7.97) | 65 (4.16) | 225 (11.77) | 393 (9.47) | 993 (8.62) | <.001 | |||||||
aP values for continuous variables are based on Kruskal-Wallis rank-sum tests. P values for categorical variables are based on Pearson chi-square tests.
bN/A: not applicable.
cSOFA: Sequential Organ Failure Assessment.
dOnly intravenous corticosteroids administered during the initial 6-hour time frame were included.
eINR: international normalized ratio.