Table 2.

Immunoregulatory effects of Huaier and its derivatives.

Substance	Immunoregulatory activities
Huaier aqueous extract	• Hemopoiesis: Reduce incidence of myelosuppression • DAMP: ↑Production by tumor cells • Lymphocytes: ↑Increase CD3+ and CD4+ T cells; ↑CD4+/CD8+ ratio ↑Th1 differentiation in cancer ↓Th1,↓Treg, ↑Th17 in ITP • NK cells: ↑Increase NK cells; ↑NK activity • DC cells: ↑Promote maturation ↑DC-induced T cell proliferation & Th1 differentiation • Macrophages: ↓Proliferation and infiltration in tumor ↑Promote M1 polarization; ↑Promote phagocytosis ↓Suppress motility; ↓MΦ-induced angiogenesis
Huaier n-butanol extract (HBE)	• Lymphocyte: ↓PD-1+ CD8+T cell • NK cells: ↑Increase • Macrophage: ↓MΦ in spleen • MDSCs: ↓PMN-MDSC • Cytokines in blood: ↓IL-6, IL-10, TGF-β; ↑IFN-γ
TPG-1	• Leukocytes: ↑Infiltration in tumor • Macrophages: ↑M1 polarization; ↑Production of NO, TNFα, IL-6 ↑TLR4/NF-κB and MAPK
TP-1	• Immune organs (Thymus and Spleen): ↑Weight • Lymphocytes: ↑Proliferation; ↑CD3+ T cells and CD4+ T cells ↓CD8+ cells • NK cells: ↑Quantity in spleen
W-NTRP	• Lymphocyte: ↑Proliferation • Macrophage: ↑M1 polarization; ↑Phagocytosis
HQH	• Lymphocytes: ↓Infiltration in asthma ↑CD3+ T cells and CD4+ T cells; ↑Increase CD4+/CD8+ ratio ↓CD8+ T ↑Th1/Th2 ratio in asthma; ↓Th17/Treg balance in asthma • Antibody: ↑IgA, IgM, IgG; ↓IgE • Macrophages: ↓Infiltration; ↑Phagocytosis • Neutrophils: ↓Infiltration in asthma • Eosinophils: ↓Infiltration in asthma