Table 1.
Demographics, clinical characteristics and patient outcomes
| Factors | Values | Admissions had at least one episode of hypoglycaemia (≤ 3.9 mmol/L) |
Admissions had at least one episode of hyperglycaemia (≥ 10 mmol/L) |
Admissions had at least one episode of significant hyperglycaemia (≥ 14 mmol/L) | Total | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No | Yes | P-value | No | Yes | P-value | No | Yes | P- value |
N=4,901 | ||
| N=3,598 | N=360 | N=1,505 | N=2,453 | N=2,620 | N=1,338 | ||||||
| Age at admission (years) [mean ± SD] | 66.7 (15.5) | 64.6 (16.0) | 0.01 | 69.1 (14.0) | 64.9 (16.3) | <0.01 | 68.2 (14.4) | 63.4 (17.2) | <0.01 | 67.0 (15.4) | |
| 15-39 | 227 (6.3%) | 33 (9.2%) | 0.07 | 46 (3.1%) | 214 (8.7%) | <0.01 | 106 (4.0%) | 154 (11.5%) | <0.01 | 292 (6.0%) | |
| Age group | 40-65 | 1,269 (35.3%) | 132 (36.7%) | 504 (33.5%) | 897 (36.6%) | 900 (34.4%) | 501 (37.4%) | 1,695 (34.6%) | |||
| 65+ | 2,102 (58.4%) | 195 (54.2%) | 955 (63.5%) | 1,342 (54.7%) | 1,614 (61.6%) | 683 (51.0%) | 2,914 (59.5%) | ||||
| Gender | Female | 1,551 (43.1%) | 180 (50.0%) | 0.01 | 673 (44.7%) | 1,058 (43.1%) | 0.33 | 1,136 (43.4%) | 595 (44.5%) | 0.51 | 2,168 (44.2%) |
| Male | 2,047 (56.9%) | 180 (50.0%) | 832 (55.3%) | 1,395 (56.9%) | 1,484 (56.6%) | 743 (55.5%) | 2,733 (55.8%) | ||||
| Māori | Non-Māori | 2,357 (65.9%) | 211 (59.1%) | <0.01 | 948 (63.4%) | 1,620 (66.5%) | 0.05 | 1,672 (64.3%) | 896 (67.3%) | 0.06 | 3,228 (66.4%) |
| Māori | 1,218 (34.1%) | 146 (40.9%) | 547 (36.6%) | 817 (33.5%) | 929 (35.7%) | 435 (32.7%) | 1,632 (33.6%) | ||||
| Type of diabetes | Type 1 Type 2 | 273 (7.6%) 3,325 (92.4%) | 67 (18.6%) 293 (81.4%) | <0.01 | 51 (3.4%) 1,454 (96.6%) | 289 (11.8%) 2,164 (88.2%) | <0.01 | 118 (4.5%) 2,502 (95.5%) | 222 (16.6%) 1,116 (83.4%) | <0.01 | 373 (7.6%) 4,528 (92.4%) |
| 30 days readmission | 560 (15.6%) | 53 (14.7%) | 0.67 | 225 (15.0%) | 388 (15.8%) | 0.46 | 398 (15.2%) | 215 (16.1%) | 0.47 | 731 (14.9%) | |
| 60 days readmission | 740 (20.6%) | 91 (25.3%) | 0.04 | 303 (20.1%) | 528 (21.5%) | 0.30 | 533 (20.3%) | 298 (22.3%) | 0.16 | 996 (20.3%) | |
| 90 days readmission | 861 (23.9%) | 105 (29.2%) | 0.03 | 342 (22.7%) | 624 (25.4%) | 0.05 | 606 (23.1%) | 360 (26.9%) | <0.01 | 1,156 (23.6%) | |
| 365 days readmission | 1,152 (32.0%) | 141 (39.2%) | <0.01 | 455 (30.2%) | 838 (34.2%) | 0.01 | 808 (30.8%) | 485 (36.2%) | <0.01 | 1,521 (31.0%) | |
| Length of stay (weeks) | |||||||||||
| [mean ± SD] | 1.3 (1.8) | 2.2 (2.8) | <0.01 | 1.1 (1.5) | 1.6 (2.2) | <0.01 | 1.2 (1.7) | 1.7 (2.3) | <0.01 | 1.3 (1.8) | |
| Admission to HDU/ICU | 13 (0.4%) | 1 (0.3%) | 0.80 | 5 (0.3%) | 9 (0.4%) | 0.86 | 11 (0.4%) | 3 (0.2%) | 0.33 | 19 (0.4%) | |
| Target Range | 2,300 (63.9%) | 291 (80.8%) | <0.01 | 1,490 (99.0%) | 1,101 (44.9%) | <0.01 | 2,274 (86.8%) | 317 (23.7%) | <0.01 | 2,591 (52.9%) | |
| Mildly | |||||||||||
| Hyperglycaemia | 968 (26.9%) | 45 (12.5%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1,013 (41.3%) | 331 (12.6%) | 682 (51.0%) | 1,013 (20.7%) | ||||
| Glucose Category | Significant Hyperglycaemia | 330 (9.2%) | 9 (2.5%) | 0 (0.0%) | 339 (13.8%) | 0 (0.0%) | 339 (25.3%) | 339 (6.9%) | |||
| Hypoglycaemia | 0 (0.0%) | 15 (4.2%) | 15 (1.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 15 (0.6%) | 0 (0.0%) | 15 (0.3%) | ||||
| Missing | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 943 (19.2%) | ||||
| Mean blood glucose [mean ± SD] | 9.5 (3.2) | 7.8 (2.5) | <0.01 | 6.8 (1.3) | 11.0 (3.0) | <0.01 | 7.8 (1.9) | 12.4 (3.1) | <0.01 | 9.4 (3.2) | |
| Glucose checked at least once every 24 hours | 1,073 (29.8%) | 203 (56.4%) | <0.01 | 280 (18.6%) | 996 (40.6%) | <0.01 | 650 (24.8%) | 626 (46.8%) | <0.01 | 1,276 (26.0%) | |
| Ketones checked at least once during admission in Type 1 diabetes patients |
90 (33.0%) | 21 (31.3%) | 0.80 | 6 (11.8%) | 105 (36.3%) | <0.01 | 23 (19.5%) | 88 (39.6%) | <0.01 | 113 (30.3%) | |
| BGL checks per 24 hours of stay | <1 BGL check 1-3 BGL checks ≥4 BGL checks Missing |
2,525 (70.2%) 1,044 (29.0%) 29 (0.8%) 0 (0.0%) |
157 (43.6%) 194 (53.9%) 9 (2.5%) 0 (0.0%) |
<0.01 | 1,225 (81.4%) 279 (18.5%) 1 (0.1%) 0 (0.0%) |
1,457 (59.4%) 959 (39.1%) 37 (1.5%) 0 (0.0%) |
<0.01 | 1,970 (75.2%) 594 (44.4%) 32 (2.4%) 0 (0.0%) |
712 (53.2%) 594 (44.4%) 32 (2.4%) 0 (0.0%) |
<0.01 | 2,682 (54.7% 1,238 (25.3%) 38 (0.8%) 943 (19.2%) |
| HbA1c checked within 3 months of admission |
2,187 (60.8%) | 234 (65.0%) | 0.12 | 852 (56.6%) | 1,569 (64.0%) | <0.01 | 1,556 (59.4%) | 865 (64.6%) | <0.01 | 2,932 (59.8%) | |
| HbA1c values [mean ± SD] | 63.2 (22.2) | 67.4 (23.1) | <0.01 | 52.7 (15.4) | 69.6 (23.2) | <0.01 | 57.2 (18.3) | 75.1 (24.2) | <0.01 | 61.9 (21.7) | |