Table 2. Associations between health risk factors and biological age measures.
Estimates were calculated using linear regression, adjusted for chronological age, sex, ethnicity, and study centre. Bold indicates p<0.05 and *indicates FDR <5%. Telomere length is expressed as a standard deviation (SD) decrease in length (multiplied by –1) to provide estimates indicative of accelerated biological age, as the other biological age indicators. Telomere Length N=1162, DNA methylation age N=1173, Transcriptome age N=1007, Immunometabolic age N=1152.
| Telomere Length | DNA methylation age | TranScriptome age | Immunometabolic age | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SD Decrease (95% CI) | p-value | Increase in years Δ Age (95% CI) | p-value | Increase in years Δ Age (95% CI) | p-value | Increase in years Δ Age (95% CI) | p-value | |
| Sex-Male | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Sex-Female | –0.27 (-0.39,–0.16) | 3.30E-06* | 0.07 (-0.01, 0.16) | 0.1 | 0 (-0.01, 0.02) | 0.73 | 0.06 (-0.01, 0.13) | 0.086 |
| Prenatal factors | ||||||||
| maternal non-active smoker during pregnancy | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Maternal active smoker during pregnancy | 0.07 (-0.1, 0.23) | 0.41 | 0.15 (0.03, 0.28) | 0.018 | 0 (-0.02, 0.02) | 0.88 | –0.04 (-0.14, 0.06) | 0.43 |
| Birthweight (kg) | –0.098 (-0.218, 0.023) | 0.11 | –0.021 (-0.114, 0.072) | 0.66 | 0.005 (-0.01, 0.02) | 0.51 | 0.102 (0.027, 0.177) | 0.0075 |
| Gestational age (weeks) | –0.012 (-0.048, 0.024) | 0.52 | 0.013 (-0.015, 0.041) | 0.35 | 0 (-0.005, 0.004) | 0.89 | 0.018 (-0.005, 0.04) | 0.12 |
| Family Capital | ||||||||
| Maternal Education (low) | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Maternal Education (medium) | –0.06 (-0.26, 0.13) | 0.53 | 0.02 (-0.14, 0.17) | 0.84 | 0.01 (-0.02, 0.03) | 0.61 | 0.08 (-0.04, 0.2) | 0.21 |
| Maternal Education (high) | –0.1 (-0.29, 0.1) | 0.32 | –0.07 (-0.22, 0.08) | 0.37 | 0 (-0.02, 0.03) | 0.85 | 0.12 (0, 0.24) | 0.051 |
| Family Affluence (low) | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Family Affluence (medium) | –0.15 (-0.34, 0.05) | 0.13 | –0.11 (-0.26, 0.03) | 0.13 | 0 (-0.03, 0.02) | 0.85 | 0.02 (-0.1, 0.14) | 0.8 |
| Family Affluence (high) | –0.27 (-0.47,–0.07) | 0.0081 | –0.14 (-0.29, 0.02) | 0.083 | 0.01 (-0.01, 0.04) | 0.35 | 0.09 (-0.04, 0.21) | 0.17 |
| Family Social Capital (low) | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Family Social Capital (medium) | –0.06 (-0.21, 0.09) | 0.45 | –0.03 (-0.14, 0.09) | 0.62 | 0.02 (0.01, 0.04) | 0.012 | –0.04 (-0.14, 0.05) | 0.36 |
| Family Social Capital (high) | –0.15 (-0.3, 0) | 0.054 | –0.12 (-0.23, 0) | 0.048 | 0.02 (0.01, 0.04) | 0.011 | –0.06 (-0.15, 0.04) | 0.25 |
| Child factors | ||||||||
| No passive smoke exposure | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Passive smoke exposure | 0.05 (-0.08, 0.18) | 0.42 | 0.11 (0.02, 0.21) | 0.023 | 0.01 (0, 0.03) | 0.16 | –0.01 (-0.09, 0.07) | 0.76 |
| Physical Activity-Low | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Physical Activity-Medium | 0.09 (-0.06, 0.23) | 0.25 | –0.08 (-0.2, 0.03) | 0.15 | –0.01 (-0.03, 0.01) | 0.17 | 0.03 (-0.06, 0.12) | 0.56 |
| Physical Activity-High | 0.14 (-0.01, 0.29) | 0.067 | –0.1 (-0.22, 0.01) | 0.08 | 0 (-0.02, 0.01) | 0.69 | –0.06 (-0.15, 0.04) | 0.24 |
| KIDMED diet score | –0.03 (-0.064, 0.005) | 0.092 | 0.005 (-0.022, 0.031) | 0.74 | 0.004 (-0.001, 0.008) | 0.10 | –0.005 (-0.027, 0.016) | 0.64 |