Table 3. Associations between biological age measures and developmental measures.
Estimates were calculated using linear regression, adjusted for chronological age, sex, ethnicity, and study centre.
| Telomere Length | DNA methylation age | Transcriptome age | Immunometabolic age | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | SD increase / odds ratio * per SD shortening (95% CI) | p-value | N | SD increase / odds ratio per year increase in Δ age (95% CI) | p-value | N | SD increase / odds ratio per year increase in Δ age (95% CI) | p-value | N | SD increase/ odds ratio per year increase in Δ age (95% CI) | p-value | |
| Height z-score | 1162 | 0 (-0.05, 0.06) | 0.89 | 1173 | 0.17 (0.09, 0.24) | 6.20E-06* | 1007 | 0.66 (0.13, 1.18) | 0.014 | 1152 | 0.31 (0.22, 0.4) | 4.30E-11* |
| BMI z-score | 1162 | 0.12 (0.05, 0.19) | 0.00082* | 1173 | 0.18 (0.09, 0.27) | 7.70E-05* | 1007 | 0.9 (0.27, 1.53) | 0.005* | 1152 | 0.5 (0.4, 0.61) | 3.80E-19* |
| Adiposity (BIA fat-mass %) | 1153 | 0.07 (0.02, 0.12) | 0.0093* | 1164 | 0.12 (0.05, 0.19) | 0.0004* | 999 | 0.45 (-0.05, 0.94) | 0.079 | 1144 | 0.2 (0.11, 0.28) | 5.00E-06* |
| Working memory (3-back d’) † | 882 | –0.03 (-0.09, 0.03) | 0.37 | 890 | 0.05 (-0.03, 0.13) | 0.19 | 784 | 0.06 (-0.51, 0.63) | 0.84 | 876 | 0.15 (0.05, 0.26) | 0.0036* |
| Inattentiveness (ANT-HRT) | 1142 | –0.01 (-0.05, 0.04) | 0.78 | 1153 | 0.07 (0.01, 0.13) | 0.03 | 997 | –0.39 (-0.85, 0.08) | 0.11 | 1135 | –0.14 (-0.22,–0.06) | 5.00E-04* |
| Fluid Intelligence (CPM) | 1156 | –0.03 (-0.07, 0.01) | 0.21 | 1167 | –0.03 (-0.08, 0.02) | 0.21 | 1001 | 0.08 (-0.3, 0.47) | 0.67 | 1147 | 0.06 (-0.01, 0.12) | 0.08 |
| Internalizing Behaviors (CBCL) | 1156 | 0.03 (-0.03, 0.08) | 0.33 | 1166 | 0.06 (-0.01, 0.13) | 0.094 | 1002 | 0.4 (-0.12, 0.93) | 0.13 | 1146 | –0.09 (-0.18, 0) | 0.053 |
| Externalizing behaviors (CBCL) | 1156 | 0.06 (0, 0.11) | 0.032 | 1166 | 0.09 (0.02, 0.16) | 0.01 | 1002 | 0.45 (-0.06, 0.97) | 0.083 | 1146 | –0.01 (-0.1, 0.08) | 0.82 |
| Lung Function (FEV1) | 911 | –0.01 (-0.07, 0.05) | 0.75 | 921 | –0.07 (-0.15, 0.01) | 0.085 | 795 | 0.47 (-0.06, 1.01) | 0.08 | 907 | 0.07 (-0.03, 0.17) | 0.16 |
| Puberty onset ‡ | 537 | 0.92 (0.76, 1.11) | 0.36 | 542 | 1.25 (0.99, 1.57) | 0.058 | 511 | 1.84 (0.41, 8.44) | 0.42 | 542 | 1.41 (1.01, 1.97) | 0.046 |
Bold indicates p<0.05 and *indicates FDR <5%.
*
Odds ratio provided for puberty onset only.
†
Not available in the Lithuanian KANC cohort.
‡
Only assessed in children over 8 years old.