Table 3.

Comorbidities in KS patients attributed to supernumerary X.

Comorbidities in KS patients attributed to supernumerary X
Neurocognitive deficits (e.g. spoken language disorders, intellectual disability, executive and social dysfunction)
Neurologic disorders (e.g. epilepsy, seizures, and tremor)
Metabolic disequilibrium (e.g. decreased lean mass, increased abdominal fat deposition, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes)
Osteopenia/Osteoporosis and related fractures
Gynecomastia
Cryptorchidism and small testes
Infertility (e.g. severe oligospermia or cryptospermia)
Thrombosis (e.g. recurrent venous ulcers, venous insufficiency, deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism)
Congenital heart defects (e.g., mitral valve prolapse, atrial and ventricular septal defects with patent ductus arteriosus, hypoplasia of the bilateral internal carotid arteries and dilatation of the bilateral vertebral arteries with weakness of the limbs, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection with pulmonary arterial hypertension)
Neoplasia (e.g. breast cancer, hematological neoplasms, extragonadal germ cell tumors, Leydig cell tumors, lung cancer)
Autoimmune disorders (e.g. Addison’s disease, diabetes mellitus type 1, multiple sclerosis, acquired hypothyroidism, systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, Sjogren’s syndrome)
Ophthalmologic problems (e.g. retinal dysfunction, impaired day vision/night vision
Dental problems (e.g. taurodontism, caries)