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Formulation of MSC-secretome/EVs as a nasal dosage form to enhance market penetration in treating NDs. Mucoadhesive excipients should be used to increase the residence time of the liquid, semisolid or particulate formulation in the nasal cavity, while penetration enhancers should be used to improve the passage of MSC-secretome/EVs through the biological barriers. CSF = cerebrospinal fluid. Created with BioRender.com.
