Table 8.
Summary of therapeutic efficacy and safety of MSC-secretome and EVs in preclinical animal models of SCI.
| Study | Animal model | Therapeutic agent | Route and dosage | Main outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cantinieaux et al. [140] | Adult female Wistar rats subjected to severe contusion at T11 | Secretome from rBM-MSCs | Intraspinal injection | Improvement of motor recovery. |
| Enhancement of angiogenesis. | ||||
| Tissue protection. | ||||
| Asadi-Golshan et al. [142] | Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats subjected to moderate compression at T7 | Secretome from human exfoliated deciduous teeth hMSCs | Intraspinal injection | Improvement of functional recovery. |
| Cizkova et al. [143] | Adult male Wistar rats subjected to moderate compression at T8-T9 | Secretome from rBM-MSCs | Intrathecal injection | Improvement of motor function recovery. |
| Increasing in spared spinal cord tissue. | ||||
| Enhancement of GAP-43 expression. | ||||
| Attenuation of inflammation. | ||||
| Reduced levels of IL-2, IL-6, and TNF-α. | ||||
| Kanekiyo et al. [141] | Adult female Sprague-Dawley rats subjected to severe contusion at T8-T9 | Secretome from rBM-MSCs | Continuous injection through the cerebrospinal fluid via the fourth ventricle | Improvement of locomotion. |
| Tissue repair. | ||||
| Axonal regeneration. | ||||
| Khoshsirat et al. [144] | Female Wistar rats subjected to moderate contusion at T9-T10 | Secretome from BM-MSCs | Intramuscular injection | Reduction of inflammation. |
| Reduction of TGF-β1 expression. | ||||
| Increasing in mean spinal cord volume. | ||||
| Chen et al. [147] | Adult female Sprague-Dawley rats subjected to severe transection at T8 | Secretome from hBM-MSCs | Intrathecal injection | Reduction of inflammation. |
| Improvement of functional restoration. | ||||
| Chudickova et al. [145] | Male Wistar rats subjected to moderate compression at T8 | hWJ-MSCs vs secretome from hWJ-MSCs | Intrathecal injection | Increasing of spared grey and white matter. |
| Enhancement of expression of genes related to axonal growth. | ||||
| Only secretome treatment resulted in additional enhancements of axonal sprouting and decreased the number of reactive astrocytes in the injury site. | ||||
| Tsai et al. [146] | Adult female Sprague-Dawley rats subjected to moderate contusion at T10 | Secretome from rBM-MSCs | Intravenous administration of 150 μL | Improvement of behavioral recovery. |
| Increasing of axons in the lesion site. | ||||
| Upregulation of Olig 2 and Heat Shock Protein 70 (HSP70) levels and autophagy-related proteins in the injured spinal cords. |
r = rat; h = human.
BM = bone marrow; WJ= Wharton's Jelly.