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. 2023 Jul 12;14:4148. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-39832-4

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Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — The comparison of surface topography between silicon solar cells and organic solar cells is shown in the left two figures, and the lower right image shows that the surface topography reduces light loss in organic solar cells. The figure on the top right indicates that organic solar cells with such surface topography are more suitable for urban environments.