Table 2.
Data extraction and summary of reviewed studies.
| Study/Author | Setting/region | Study population | Context of service point | Integration direction | STI services described | Type of STIs | Assay type used (e.g., ELIZA, NAAT, POC) | Frequency of testing/specimen type | STI outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Benin demonstration project, Mboup et al 2018 | Benin | Adult FSWs at risk for HIV | Public health/primary care | Both services integrated into a third context | syphilis, yeasts, TV, TC, NG, BV testing | syphilis, yeasts, TV, BV, NG, CT | SD Bioline rapid test and the RPR test for syphilis; Vaginal swabs for direct microscopy of yeasts, Trichomonas vaginalis, and bacterial vaginosis; NAAT for genital gonococcal and chlamydia. | All STIs at baseline; genital GC and CT tested on longitudianl cervical swabs no explicit testing frequency | Baseline prevalence in PrEP group, NG 11.2%, CT 6%, BV 59.4%,, candidiasis 4.0%, and TV 0.4%. Chlamydia incidence was 4.8/100 person-years |
| Benin demonstration project, Giguère et al 2019 | Benin | Adult FSWs at risk for HIV | Public health/primary care | Both services integrated into a third context | TV, TC, NG; free STI treatment for positives | TV, NG, CT | microscopy for TV; NAAT for NG, CT | Vaginal swab at baseline and every 6 months. | Of 255 participants, 120 (47.1%) completed followup. Prevalence of STI decreased from 15.8% (95% CI: 11.8% to 21.0%) at baseline to 2.1% (95% Cl: 0.4% to 10.2%) at 24 |
| 3P, Celum et al 2020 | South Africa | HIV-negative non preganant women ages 16 to 25 in a periurban township outside of Capetown | Study clinic | STI services within PrEP program | Test for TV NG, CT | TV, NG, CT | rapid test for TV; NAAT for NG, CT | STI test at baseline with followup testing frequency unspecified | Baseline prevalence of any curable STIs was 32% overall, CT 25%, NG 11%, TV 6%. Only five women (3%) reported STI symptoms. |
| 4YBY, Iwelunmor et al 2022 | Nigeria | Youth aged 14-24 across Nigeria | Public health/primary care | Both services integrated into a third context | HIV self testing with information to link youth to youth-friendly health clinics for STIs testing and treatment | syphilis, NG, CT | NA | NA | NA |
| ANRS 12381 PRINCESSE, Becquet et al 2021 | Cote d’Ivoire | Adult women engaging in sex work in 19 HIV hotspots in Uganda | Mobile clinic/venue-based | Both services integrated into a third context | Syndromic STI screening, dysplasia testing (+ treatment when necessary), STI treatment | Syphilis, NG, CT | NAAT for GC,CT; Syphilis rapid test | Syndromic screening and etiological testing and treatment baseline then quarterly up to 24 months | NA |
| Anza Mapema, Mehta et al 2021 | Kenya, | HIV negative MSM in Kisumu, Kenya | Study clinic | STI services within PrEP program | GC/CT testing and treatment; syndromic management. | Urethral and/or rectal NG, CT | NAAT for NG, CT | Urethral, and/or rectal CT NG at baseline, 6- and 12- months in urine, and rectal swabs; genital and rectal examination for signs of STIs every 3 months | The prevalence of urethral CT and/or NG infection at baseline was 10.3% (95% CI 6.0–16.2%), decreasing to 7.7% at 6 months (95% CI 4.0–13.1%), and increasing to 10.9% (95% CI 6.4–17.1%) at 12 months. Incidence of urethral CT/NG was 18.5 cases/100 person-years; incidence of rectal CT/NG was 19.9 cases/100 PY |
| CohMSM-PrEP, De Baetselier et al 2019 | Mali, Cote d’Ivoire, Burkina Faso, Togo, | Adult MSM at risk for HIV | Public health/primary care | STI services within PrEP program | STI testing | NG, CT in rectal, urine, and pharynx, TV in urine, and Mycoplasma genitalium (MG) in rectal, urine, and pharynx | NG, CT and TV: NAAT; MG: S-DiagMGTV multiplex assay | At baseline | Chlamydia prevalence was 17.9% (12.3% anorectal, 5.7% urethral) anorectal. Gonorrhea prevalence was 15.8% (10.7% anorectal, 5.7% pharyngeal) MG infection was 26.0% for the Lomé and 27.6% for the Ouagadougou site. Only 1 participant was positive for TV. |
| CohMSM-PrEP, Laurent et al 2021 | Mali, Cote d’Ivoire, Burkina Faso, Togo, | Adult MSM at risk for HIV | Public health/primary care | STI services within PrEP program | Screening and treatment, testing for GC, CT, and syphilis; provision of condoms, testing. | Urethra, rectum, and pharynx NG/CT, syphilis | NG, CT: NAAT; syphilis: treponemal and non-treponemal serology assays | GCCT was tested at months 0, 6, and 12 using urine, anorectal, and pharyngeal samples; syphilis every 3 months in the first year of the follow-up, and once a year thereafter | 7% had STI symptoms at baseline; prevalence of gonorrhoea was 12·6% (73 of 578) at month 0, 11·2% (45 of 402) at month 6, and 14·0% (47 of 336) at month 12. The respective figures were 19·3% (65 of 336), 15·9% (37 of 232), and 20·0% (40 of 200) for chlamydia, and 0·2% (1 of 597), 0·2% (1 of 414), and 1·0% (3 of 340) for syphilis. |
| Community PrEP Study, Peters et al 2021 | South Africa, | AGYW at community-based PrEP program in the Eastern Cape, South Africa | Community-based | STI services within PrEP program | STI testing | NG, CT, TV | NAAT for NG, CT | 6-, 12- and 24-months visits; didn’t specific specimen type; | STI test positivity increased from 23 to 30% for Chlamydia trachomatis, 7% to 14% for Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and 8 to 12% for Trichomonas vaginalis |
| DREAMS, Chabata et al 2021 | Zimbabwe, | Young women who sell sex aged 18-24 years | Community-based | Both services integrated into a third context | syndromic management of STIs | NA | NA | NA | Accessed STI treatment services in the past 12 months at the enrollment: 67/74 (90.5) in the intervention area and 75/93 (80.6) in the non-intervention area. STI symptoms in the last 12 months: 188/963 (19.5) in DREAMS cities, 206/896 (23.0) in non-DREAMS cities |
| ECHO, Beesham et al 2020 | Eswatini, Kenya, South Africa and Zambia,Multiple Africa | HIV- women aged 16–35 years seeking long-acting reversible contraception, randomly assigned to copper intra- uterine device, intramuscular depot medroxyprogesterone acetate, or levonorgestrel implant | Sexual and reproductive health | Both services integrated into a third context | STI testing and treatment, offering condoms | Not specified | Not specified | Not specified | Prevelanc in women who initiated PrEP vs those who did not: CT = (127 (20.4%) vs. 475 (15.8%)); NG 121/3004 (4.0%) vs. 33/622 (5.3%) |
| ECHO, Beesham et al 2021 | South Africa, | HIV negative women, aged 16 to 35 years | Sexual and reproductive health | Both services integrated into a third context | STI testing, treatment and partner notification of STIs; condom provision | Not specified | NAAT | endocervical swabs at enrollment and final visit | 25% had chlamydia and 2.3% had gonorrhea detected at enrolment |
| Healthy Families PrEP Study, Chitneni et al 2020 | Uganda | HIV negative women, 18 to 40 years old, in serodicordant relationship or with partner of unknown serostatus, with plans to conceive | Sexual and reproductive health | Both services integrated into a third context | STIs screening and treatment; partner notifications; patient-delivered partner medications; | Syphilis, NG, CT, and TV | syphilis: a rapid immunochromatographic test (ICT) confirmed by RPR; NG, CT and TV: NAAT | syphilis: blood sample; GCCT and TV: vaginal swabs. STIs were tested at enrollment. | 24% had at least 1 STI including 13% with chlamydia, 2% with gonorrhea, 6% with TV, 6% with syphilis, and 3% with STI coinfection. All STI cases received treatment. 96% received partner notification cards, and 84% received patient delivered partner medications |
| HPTN 082, Celum et al 2021 | South Africa and Zimbabwe | HIV negative women aged 16-25 at risk for HIV | Study clinic | STI services within PrEP program | STIs testing and treatment for those who were tested positive. | Syphilis, NG, CT, and TV | syphilis: RPR followed by a treponemal-specific confirmatory assay; NG, CT: NAAT; TV: rapid test (OSOMTrichomonas Test) | syphilis: blood sample; GCCT and TV: vaginal swabs. STIs were tested at enrollment, 6 months and 12 months. | Rates of STIs were 29% for chlamydia, 8% for NG, 7% TV and <1% for syphilis |
| HPTN 082, Delany-Moretlwe et al 2019 | South Africa, Zimbabwe | HIV negative women 16 to 25 years, at risk for HIV | Study clinic | STI services within PrEP program | STIs testing and treatment for those who were tested positive. | Syphilis, NG, CT, and TV | syphilis: RPR followed by a treponemal-specific confirmatory assay; GCCT: NAAT; TV: rapid test (OSOMTrichomonas Test) | syphilis: blood sample; GCCT and TV: vaginal swabs. STIs were tested at enrollment, 6 months and 12 months. | At baseline 9% of women had CT, 8% GC, 7% TV and 2% reactive syphilis serology. STI incidence was 29.5 per 100 PY for CT, 12.2 per 100 PY for GC, and 6.9 per 100 PY for TV |
| IMARA-SA, Donenberg et al 2021 | South Africa | 15–19-year-old Black South African AGYWs and their female caregivers | Study clinic | Both services integrated into a third context | Education on factors that affect HIV/STIs risk; STIs testing and treatment | NG, CT and TV | NA | baseline, 6-, and 12-month | NA |
| MP3, Sullivan et al 2020 | South Africa | MSM and transgender women in Cape Town and Port Elizabeth | Public health/primary care | Both services integrated into a third context | STIs testing and treatment | Syphilis, NG, CT | syphilis by RPR testing and titres and T pallidum particle agglutination; urethral and rectal CT and NG by PCR testing | blood and urine, and rectal swabs collected at baseline, 6- and 12-month visits | - |
| MP3, Jones et al 2020 | South Africa | MSM and transgender women in Cape Town and Port Elizabeth | Public health/primary care | Both services integrated into a third context | STIs testing and treatment | Syphilis, NG, CT | Syphilis RPR testing and titres and T pallidum particle agglutination; urethral and rectal CT and NG by PCR testing | blood and urine, and rectal swabs collected at baseline, 6- and 12-month visits | Baseline: universal acceptance of urethral (292/292; 100%) screening, near-universal acceptance of syphilis (289/292; 99%) screening, and 189 (64.7%) accepted rectal STI screening. Among those screened, 29 (10%) had urethral CT infection and 8 (3%) had urethral NG; 47 (25%) had rectal CT and 30 (16%) had rectal NG, 50 (18%) had prevalent syphilis. Incident urethral CT was 12.8/100 PY and the rate of incident urethral NG was 7.1/ 100 PY. Incident rectal CT: 33.4/100 PY; Incident rectal NG 26.8/100 PY. The rate of incident syphilis infection was 8.2/100 PY. 91%, 95% and 97% of rectal, urethral, and syphilis infections clinically asymptomatic |
| MyPrEP, Seidman et al 2021 | South Africa | HIV negative women between 18 and 25 years at a public health clinic | Public health/primary care | Both services integrated into a third context | STI testing | NG, CT | Not specified | at screening | 37% of participants has NG or CT |
| Partners PrEP, Celum et al 2014 | Kenya and Uganda | HIV- men and women in serodiscordant partnerships | Study clinic | STI services within PrEP program | STIs testing | HSV-2 | EIA | At baseline | |
| Partners Scale-Up, Irungu et al 2021 | Kenya | Patients at 25 public health clinics in Kenya at risk for HIV | Public health/primary care | STI services within PrEP program | medical assessment and syndromic STI evaluation | Not specified | Not specified | Not specified | STI assessment at 87% of follow up visits |
| POWER, Travill et al 2021 | South Africa | young women, ages 16–25, in South Africa |
Mobile clinic/venue-based | Both services integrated into a third context | STI screening and treatment | NG, CT | NAAT | At baseline | 34% had any curable STI, 27% CT, 3% NG and 3% both; 65% with an STI were successfully contacted and treated |
| POWER, Stewart et al 2019; Rousseau et al 2021 | Kenya | AGYW aged 16–25 | Sexual and reproductive health | Both services integrated into a third context | STI screening and treatment | NG, CT | NAAT | Urine sample was tested at baseline and 6 monthly | 48% (259) tested positive for an STI (NG and/or CT. 17% prevalence of CT and 8% of NG at enrollment. At 6 month follow up, 40.0 per 100 PY cases of chlamydia and 12.3 per 100 PY cases of gonorrhea |
| PREP-PP, Joseph Davey et al 2021 | South Africa | HIV- pregnant women >15 years at first ANC visit | Maternal and child health | Both services integrated into a third context | STI testing | NG, CT, TV | NAAT | At baseline | 35% were diagnosed with an STI |
| PrIYA, Kinuthia et al 2020 | Kenya | HIV- women >15 years at MCH clinics in Kenya | Maternal and child health | Both services integrated into a third context | syphilis screening and syndromic STI management | syphilis and other STIs | RPR testing for syphilis; assays for other STI not specified | syphilis at baseline; syndromic STI management | 1.5% of participants had previously been diagnosed with an STI |
| Safer Conception Intervention for Partners, Heffron et al 2019 | Kenya | HIV serodiscordant couples with fertility desires in Kenya | Sexual and reproductive health | Both services integrated into a third context | STI testing and treatment | NG, CT, TV | Hologic Aptima Gen-probe | diagnostic test was provided monthly | 8 people (out of 74 couples) were infected with chlamydia, 2 with gonorrhea and 3 with trichomonas |
| Sakh’umndeni, Schwartz et al 2017 | South Africa | HIV-affected individuals of reproductive age in relationships in which one or both partners are HIV + and who want to have a child within 6 months | Sexual and reproductive health | Both services integrated into a third context | syphilis screening and syndromic STI management; treatment for those positive | syphilis and other STIs | RPR testing for syphilis; assays for other STIs not specified | syphilis was tested at baseline; monthly follow-up visits for syndromic STI management | Prevalence of symptomatic STIs at enrolment was 4% among women and 3% among men |
| Sakh’umndeni, Iyer et al 2019 Sakh’umndeni, Schwartz et al 2019 |
South africa, | Couples with at least one HIV-positive partner desiring pregnancy | Sexual and reproductive health | Both services integrated into a third context | syphilis screening and syndromic STI management; treatment for those positive | syphilis and other STIs | RPR testing for syphilis; assays for other STIs not specified | syphilis was tested at baseline; monthly follow-up visits for syndromic STI management | Reported STI history, baseline and incident STI detection via syndromic diagnosis through follow up for women was 3% (n = 9/334), 3% (n = 11/334) and 12% (n = 21/182) among women retained through six months of follow-up. Syndromically treated STI at enrollment: 11/334 among women, 5/192 among men; Syphilis diagnosis: 3/334 among women, 1/192 among men. No STI outcomes at follow up visits reported |
| Senegal PrEP Demonstration Project Roberts et al 2020; Sarr et al 2020 | Senegal, | Adult HIV-negative women sex workers in Dakar, Senegal | Public health/primary care | Both services integrated into a third context | free condoms, STI testing and treatment, and counseling | syphilis, NG, CT | Abbott Real Time NG/CT assays, and rapid plasma reagin with Treponema pallidum agglutination assay confirmation for syphilis | STIs testing baseline, months 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12. but due to logistical constraints limited STIs testing was conducted | 40% received gonorrhea and chlamydia testing at least once during the study period, 7.5% tested positive for gonorrhea and 7.5% tested positive for chlamydia. 15.4% of 221 tested women had a positive T. pallidum. Prevalence of syphilis was 1.5%, CT 6.1%, and NG.6% |
| TAPS Demonstration Project, Eakle et al 2017 | South Africa | FSWs at two public health clinics | Public health/primary care | Both services integrated into a third context | free condoms, STI testing and treatment, and counseling | syphilis, NG, CT, | NA | Didn’t specify the testing frequency; blood samples for syphilis | STIs were assessed by syndromic management. At baseline, 17/224 participants were diagnosed with an STI. 3, 3, 2 and 5 additional STIs were diagnosed at 3 months, 6 months, 9 months and 12 months of follow up, respectively |
| TDF2 study Gust et al 2016 | Botswana, | Heterosexual men and women at risk for HIV in Botswana | Study clinic | STI services within PrEP program | free condoms, STI testing and treatment, and partner notification | syphilis, HSV2, NG, CT, TV, BV, Candida spp. | syphilis: Determine® Syphilis TP (Abbott); HSV2: HerpeSelect® IgG ELISA (Focus); Wampole® Impact RPR; HSV2: ELISA; hepB: ELISA; GCCT: COBAS® AMPLICOR PCR Analyzer; TV: TV culture Saline Wet Prep; BV: Premixed Gram stain, BVBlue rapid; Candida spp: KOH wet prep |
syphilis: Whole blood from fingerstick at Enrollment visit and annually; HSV2: Whole blood from phlebotomy at Enrollment visit; hepB: Whole blood from phlebotomy at Screening visit; GN, CT, TV: Cervical/vaginal swab (women) or Urine (men) at baseline and every 6 months; Candida spp: Vaginal or penile glans swab. | |
| VOICE, Marrazzo et al 2015 | South Africa, Uganda, and Zimbabwe,Multiple Africa | Women 18-45 years, not pregnant, at risk for HIV | Study clinic | STI services within PrEP program | STI testing, condoms | syphilis, hepB, NG, CT, TV, BV, Candida spp. | NG, CT: strand-displacement amplification assay; TV: OSOM Trichomonas Rapid Test; syphilis: rapid plasma reagin screening test followed by a confirmatory microhemagglutinin assay for Treponema pallidum or a T. pallidum hemagglutination assay for reactive samples; HSV2: Herpe Select 2 enzyme immunoassay; BV: Nugent score | enrollment, annually, and when indicated. Vaginal fluid was collected for BV other didn’t specify. | Baseline revalence: CT 12%; NG 3%, TV 6%, syphilis 1%, HSV-2 46%, BV 40%. 10% chlamydia, 6% trichomonas, 3% gonorrhea, 1% syphilis of reported 10% chlamydia, 6% trichomonas, 3% gonorrhea, 1% syphilis). In the TDF/FTC group: 14% chlamydia, 6% trichomonas, 5% gonorrhea, 1% syphilis among those reporting SAE |
| Peer-Delivered HIVST, STI Self-Sampling and PrEP for Transgender Women in Uganda 2020 | Uganda | Transgender women 14 years or older at risk for HIV | Community-based | Both services integrated into a third context | peer delivered STI Self-Sampling | NA | NA | NA | |
| Kitenge et al 2021 | South Africa | HIV negative women 18 to 35 years old at community HIV testing sites in KwaZulu Natal | Community-based | Both services integrated into a third context | STI screening and treatment | NA | NA | STI testing was conducted at 3-, 6- and 12-month follow-up visits | |
| Heffron et al 2021 | South Africa | 18 and 25 years old, willing to use contraception (condoms included), HIV and Hepatitis B, uninfected,and not pregnant or breastfeeding. | Sexual and reproductive health | Both services integrated into a third context | STI screening and treatment | syphilis, NG, CT | RPR tests for syphilis, and Aptima GenProbe or GeneXpert for GCCT | Blood sample for syphilis and urine sample for GCCT; one time testing | Chlamydia in 18.2%, gonorrhea in 2%, syphilis in 0% |
| Behanzin et al 2021 | Kenya | Women 15-30 years old, receiving care for pregnancy loss at 3 Kenyan facilities | Sexual and reproductive health | Both services integrated into a third context | STI testing | HBV HCV | immuno-chromatographic test was used for detecting HBV surface antigen (HBsAg, active infection) and HCV antibodies in whole blood. Enzyme immunoassays were used for detecting HBV core (anti- HBc) and surface (anti-HBs) antibodies | blood sample was collected once | Prevalence of active and lifetime HBV were 8.8% and 37.7%, respectively. 0.98% of participants were positive for HCV |
| Wahome et al 2020 | Benin | MSM from the community-based PrEP demonstration study in Cotonou, Benin | Community-based | STI services within PrEP program | syndromic STI management | NG, CT, syphilis | Positive RPR titre confirmed by Treponema pallidum haemagglutination assay (TPHA) for syphilis; NG, CT was diagnosed by detection of Gram-nega-tive, intracellular diplococci | baseline and quarterly follow up; blood sample for syphilis and urethral or rectal secretions for NG, CT | Only 1 participant (0.6%) had STI at baseline (testing for syphilis and gonorrhea done) |
| Oluoch et al 2021 | Kenya | AGYW in Kenya | Public health/primary care | STI services within PrEP program | STI testing | NG, CT, TV | NA | quarterly with STI testing | 12% of AGYW tested positive for an STI. |
| Cassidy et al 2021 | Kenya | NA | Public health/primary care | STI services within PrEP program | syndromic STI management and treatment | NA | NA | month 1 and 2 visits, and thereafter returned every two or three months | 10/72 STI positive among enrolled, 19/164 among PrEP initiated; In the first six months of follow-up, 16 women (27.6%) had a syndromic STI, decreasing to 8 (13.8%) in the final six months |
| Masyuko et al 2018 | Kenya | Adult MSM at risk for HIV in Mtwapa town | Study clinic | STI services within PrEP program | NA | NA | NA | NA | The key indicators for routine tracking iin the PrEP monitoring and evaluation program include number diagnosed with STI |
| Medina-Marino et al 2022 | South Africa | AGYW from study clinic | Study clinic | STI into PrEP program | Baseline testing for CT, NG, TV and syphilis | CT, NG, TV, syphilis | CT, NG, TV NAAT, rapid syphilis testing | baseline; vaginal swab | At enrolment, 227 (37.6%) participants had a positive STI test result, of which 134 (59.0%) were asymptomatic. Chlamydia trachomatis (CT, n = 182; 30.6%) accounted for the highest-burden STI, followed by Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG, n = 59; 10.0%), Trichomonas vaginalis (TV, n = 42; 7.1%) and syphilis (n = 2, 0.3%) |
| Velloza et al 2022 | South Africa | AGYW from youth focused HIV clinic in Johannesburg | Youth-focused HIV clinic | STI into PrEP program | Etiologic testing and treatment of curable STIs (GCCT, syphilis,TV) at enrolment, 6 months and study exit | NG, CT, TV, syphilis | NA | enrolment, 6 months and study exit; specimen type not specified | NA |
| Beesham et al 2022 | Durban, South Africa | AGYW in sexual and reproductive health clinics | Sexual and reproductive health | PrEP/STI into third context | STI testing at baseline | NG, CT | NAAT | At baseline; swabs | At PrEP initaiton, 33 and 3 women were diagnosied with Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoea respectively. |
| Stewart et al 2022 | Kenya | HIV negative, non-pregnant young women (18-20 yo) using PrEP research clinic in Kisumu | Research clinic | STI into PrEP program | treatment arm: doxycycline as STI prevention strategy; treatment and control arm: STI screening (Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and Treponema pallidum) and treatment and risk-reduction counseling without dPEP | NG, CT, and Treponema pallidum; for future testing: staphylococcus aureus, bv, MG, and vaginal microbiome | NG, CT & TV: NAAT; syphilis: RPR or fourfold increase in non-treponemal titers; | At baseline, 3 months blood sample; endocervical swabs | NA |
| Davey et al 2022 | South Africa | Pregnant and breastfeeding women Antenatal care | Antenatal care | PrEP/STI into third context | Baseline CT, NG, TV etiologic testing and treatment | GC, CT, TV | Point of care PCR testing | Baseline; vaginal swab | 30% STI diagnosed at baseline; 14% STI diagnosed and treated same day |
| Ndenkeh et al 2022 | Cameroon | FSW and MSM in drop-in centers of the participating community-based organization partners | Community-based organization | STI into PrEP program | monthly STI screening | STI (not specified); syphilis | TPHA and VDRL tests for syphilis | monthly; specimen type not specified | Not being reported |
| Skovdal et al 2022 | Zimbabwe | AGYW in clinics in Eastern Zimbabwe | community in ann urban suburb and a rural village | PrEP/STI into third context | General SRH services | NA | NA | NA not specified | NA |
| Rutstein et al 2022 | Malawi | STI clients that are eligible for PrEP use; STI clinic staff | STI clinic | PrEP into STI program | STI testing and treatment | NG, CT, syphilis | GCCT: NAAT; syphilis: rapid plasma regain, Treponema pallidum particle agglutination; | baseline, 3 months after; urine and blood samples | NA |
| Chidumwa et al 2022 | South Africa | Young men and women aged 16-29 years from public health/primary care; community-based | Community-based public health/primary care clinics | PrEP/STI into third context | Etiologic testing; syndromic management | NG, CT, TV | samples are sent to AHRI laboratories to be processed | baseline; urine and blood samples | NA |
| Moran et al 2022 | South Africa | Pregnant and breastfeeding women Antenatal care | Antenatal care | PrEP/STI into third context | Baseline CT, NG, TV etiologic testing and treatment | NG, CT, TV | Point of care PCR testing | baseline vaginal swab | STI prevalence of CT, NG and/or TV was 35% at first ANC visit |
| Mantell et al 2022 | Kenya | Male clients of female sex workers, HIV negative aged at least 18-year-old in Kisumu County | Clinical reserach site | STI into PrEP program | STI testing at baseline and refered for the treatment | NG, CT, trich | specific method did get specified | baseline; urine sample blood and urine samples | NA |
| Mayanja et al 2022 | Uganda | AGYW from GWHP clinic in Uganda | GWHP clinic serving AGYW in Uganda | STI into PrEP program | STI testing | CT, NG, syphilis | GCCT NAAT, rapid syphilis, HBV serology | 3 months; Endo-cervical swabs | 26.9% STI at enrolment |
| Inghels et al 2022 | Eswatini | Clients visiting 6 public sector healthcare facilities that provide free ART and PrEP servcies | public sector healthcare facilities | PrEP into STI program | existing STI care | Not specified | Not specified | Not specified | Lower PrEP uptake was found for individuals seeking antenatal care (30.5%, 64/210), STI (30.9%, 29/94) and family planning visits (31.0%, 84/271); majority of people seeking STI services preferred PrEP delivery at outpatient services (66.7%) |
| Celum et al 2022 | Kenya and South Africa | AGYW seeking family planning and SRH service and primary care and eligible for PrEP use | family planning clinics, mobile clinics, and public primary healthcare | STI into PrEP program | STI testing and treatment at baseline and 6 months | NG, CT | NAAT | baseline and 6 months; specimen type not specified | 29% had chlamydia and10% gonorrhoea at baseline; The incidence of C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae was 42.9/100 person-years (95% CI 37.2, 49.2)—35.4/100 person-years for C. trachomatis (95% CI 30.3, 41.2) and13.0/100 person-years for N. gonorrhoeae (95% CI10,0,16.7) |
| Mansoor et al 2022 | South Africa | AGYW from study clinic | Study clinic | STI into PrEP program | STIs (NG, CT and TV) and BV testing were performed at enrolment and study exit. STI treatment and contact tracing | CT, NG, TV | NAAT | At baseline and study exit; genital swab | STI in 22.4%, BV in 56.4% |
| Medina-Marino et al 2023 | South Africa | AGYW from study clinic | Study clinic | STI into PrEP program | Baseline testing for CT, NG, TV and syphilis | CT, NG, TV, syphilis | CT, NG, TV NAAT, rapid syphilis testing | At baseline; vaginal swab | At enrolment, 227 (37.6%) participants had a positive STI test result, of which 134 (59.0%) were asymptomatic. Chlamydia trachomatis (CT, n = 182; 30.6%) accounted for the highest-burden STI, followed by Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG, n = 59; 10.0%), Trichomonas vaginalis (TV, n = 42; 7.1%) and syphilis (n = 2, 0.3%) |