TABLE 1.

Angiocrine factors involved in embryonic development. Summary of angiocrine factors involved in development, their target organ/tissues, and a brief description of the functional role of angiocrine signalling. This table encompasses a selection of angiocrine factors that have demonstrated in vivo evidence of function, and is not an exhaustive list of all angiocrine factors involved in development.

Target organ/tissue	Angiocrine factor	Function	References
Vessel wall	PDGF-B	Recruits peri-vascular cells in blood vessel wall assembly	Zerwes and Risau (1987), Hirschi et al. (1998), Enge et al. (2002), Bjarnegard et al. (2004)
Vessel wall	Jag1	Promotes vascular smooth muscle differentiation	High et al. (2007), High et al. (2008)
Lymphatics	Vegfc	Mediates lymphatic patterning	Chiang et al. (2023)
Heart	Nrg1	Cardiac trabeculation	Gassmann et al. (1995), Lee et al. (1995), Meyer and Birchmeier (1995), Kramer et al. (1996), Grego-Bessa et al. (2007), Liu et al. (2010), Samsa et al. (2015), Del Monte-Nieto et al. (2018)
Heart	Wnt4	Induces BMP2 expression in myocardium during heart valve formation	Wang et al. (2013)
Heart	HB-EGF	Potentiates hyperproliferation of valve mesenchyme during heart valve formation	Iwamoto et al. (2003), Jackson et al. (2003), MacGrogan et al. (2016)
Heart	Wnt9b	Promotes mesenchymal cell condensation in heart valve formation	Goddard et al. (2017)
Heart	RELN	Lymphangiocrine factor; promotes cardiomyocyte proliferation and heart growth	Liu et al. (2020)
Skeletal	Mmp9	Regulates cartilage resorption in endochondral ossification	Romeo et al. (2019)
Skeletal	Noggin	BMP antagonist, essential for correct bone and growth plate formation	Ramasamy et al. (2014)
Skeletal	BMP4	Promotes intramembranous ossification in the opercles, induces Runx2 expression	Uemura et al. (2016)
Skeletal	IGF1	Drives proliferation of Meckel’s cartilage chondrocytes in mandible development	Marchant et al. (2020)
Liver	Wnt ligands	Regulates the polarization of hepatocytes, vascular/biliary network patterning	Leibing et al. (2018), Zhu et al. (2022)
Pancreas	EGFL7	Regulates proliferation/maintenance/expansion of pancreatic progenitors	Kao et al. (2015)
Lung	Sash1/NO	Activates eNOS, induces alveolar epithelial cell maturation	Coulombe et al. (2019)
Lung	HGF	Lung epithelial cell differentiation	Yamamoto et al. (2007), Yao et al. (2017)
Kidney	MMP2	Stretch dependent expression, regulates glomerular formation	Serluca et al. (2002)
Nervous System	BMP4, BMP7	Regulates differentiation of sympathetic neurons	Reissmann et al. (1996), Saito et al. (2012)
Nervous System	TGFβ1	Regulates differentiation of oligodendrocytes in spinal cord	Paredes et al. (2021)
Haematopoiesis	Wnt2	Haematopoietic colonization and HSC proliferation	Liu et al. (2022)