Table 1.

LIB cost estimates

Category	Cost per kWh	Note	Reference
New	baseline: $800–1200 in 2010 projection: $400–600 in 2015 $300–400 in 2025 $250–300 beyond 2025	Customer (driver) cost	Gerssen-Gondelach et al.31
	>$1000 in 2007 $410 (250–670) in 2014 $300 (140–620) in 2014 for leading BEV manufacturers	Cost to EV manufacturer	Nykvist et al.23
	$270 Euros in 2015 $90–120 Euros in 2030	Battery production cost	Rubel et al.24
	Pack: $732 in 2013 $151 in 2022 <$100 by 2026 Cell: $502 in 2013 $120 in 2022	Global volume weighted average LIB prices for various end users including both LFPa and NMCb batteries	Bloomberg New Energy Finance25
	$132 in 2030 $92 in 2040 $71 in 2050	Cost to EV manufacturer	Mauler et al.26
	$170 in 2020 $70–100 in 2030 $40–50 in 2050	Battery production cost	Islam et al.27
Retired	$150–250 (new EVBs) $19–131 (retired EVBs) $25–49 (repurposing cost) $44–180 (repurposed battery selling price)	Repurposing cost includes cost of collection, test, and packaging of retired EVBs.	Neubauer et al.28
	$232 (new EVBs) in 2017 $72 (second-life battery) in 2017	Battery selling price	Li et al.29
	$23–31 (retired EVBs) in 2020 $62–70 (second-life battery) in 2020	Battery selling price	Xu et al.30

^aLFP = LiFePO₄.

^bNMC = LiNi_xMn_yCo_zO₂.