Table 2.

Application scenarios and cases of second-life EVBs in literature

Category	Application Scenario	Function	Reference
Power generation side	Centralized renewable energy power station	Renewable energy integration, smoothing control, reducing curtailed electricity	Wind – Hamidi et al.41, Alhadri et al.42, BYD46 PV – Koch-Ciobotaru et al.43, Saez-de-Ibarra et al.44, Leung45, Fitzpatrick71
Grid side	Power transmission and distribution network	Alleviate grid congestion, offer ancillary support to the network, and delay the expansion of power transmission and distribution capacity	Neubauer et al.28, Lacey et al.47, Eyer and Corey48
End-user side	Communication base station	Backup power storage	Li49, Yan50
	EV Charging stations	EV Charging	Jiao et al.51, Han et al.52, Kamath et al.53
	Mobile energy storage device	Community EV Charging	Potevio New Energy72
		Power supply for camping trailers	Nissan Energy54
	Low-speed electric vehicle	EV energy storage	Zhang et al.55, Zhao56
	Street lamp	Energy storage for lamp	Zhu et al.57
	Uninterrupted Power Systems (UPS)	Emergency power	Canals Casals et al.58, Neubauer et al.73
	Residential energy storage	Emergency power, reduce electricity costs	Heymans et al.59, Kamath et al.74, Tang et al.75, Faria et al.76, Saez-de-Ibarra et al.77