Table 1.
Study population characteristics.
| Characteristic | 1/SAID, n = 162† | 2/SIDD, n = 266† | 3/SIRD, n = 95† | 4/MOD, n = 359† | 5/MARD, n = 186† | p value∗ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 37 (14) | 46 (11) | 55 (11) | 44 (10) | 60 (9) | <0.001 |
| Sex | <0.001 | |||||
| F | 74 (46%) | 88 (33%) | 30 (32%) | 197 (55%) | 66 (35%) | |
| M | 88 (54%) | 178 (67%) | 65 (68%) | 162 (45%) | 120 (65%) | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24 (21–27) | 29 (26–32) | 32 (30–38) | 34 (31–38) | 27 (25–29) | <0.001 |
| HbA1c (%) | 9.20 (7.12–11.97) | 10.50 (9.40–12.30) | 7.10 (6.10–8.40) | 6.90 (6.20–7.90) | 6.70 (6.20–7.27) | <0.001 |
| HOMA2B | 24 (9–56) | 31 (21–48) | 142 (88–180) | 84 (56–116) | 76 (52–100) | <0.001 |
| HOMA2IR | 0.82 (0.57–1.67) | 1.93 (1.18–3.00) | 5.99 (3.88–7.72) | 2.69 (1.88–3.79) | 2.19 (1.48–2.74) | <0.001 |
| C-peptide (nmol/L) | 0.23 (0.00–0.55) | 0.66 (0.40–0.96) | 2.03 (1.53–2.56) | 1.07 (0.76–1.49) | 0.89 (0.61–1.09) | <0.001 |
| Glycaemia (mg/dl) | 178 (121–256) | 202 (151–250) | 131 (106–213) | 137 (112–164) | 131 (113–156) | <0.001 |
| Alcohol consumption | 0.022 | |||||
| No | 129 (80%) | 203 (76%) | 66 (69%) | 295 (82%) | 138 (74%) | |
| Occasionally | 19 (12%) | 23 (8.6%) | 18 (19%) | 37 (10%) | 24 (13%) | |
| 1–3 units/day | 8 (4.9%) | 17 (6.4%) | 5 (5.3%) | 13 (3.6%) | 16 (8.6%) | |
| >3 units/day | 6 (3.7%) | 23 (8.6%) | 6 (6.3%) | 14 (3.9%) | 8 (4.3%) | |
| Tobacco | 51 (32%) | 57 (22%) | 18 (19%) | 53 (15%) | 24 (13%) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension | 21 (13%) | 85 (32%) | 57 (60%) | 131 (36%) | 91 (49%) | <0.001 |
| Hypercholesterolaemia | 45 (28%) | 87 (33%) | 50 (53%) | 145 (40%) | 78 (42%) | <0.001 |
Excessive alcohol consumption was defined as >3 units/day. Group comparisons were made using the Kruskal–Wallis rank sum test, or Pearson’s Χ2 test. Values of p <0.05 were considered as significant.
MARD, mild age-related diabetes; MOD, mild obesity-related diabetes; SAID, severe autoimmune diabetes; SIDD, severe insulin-deficient diabetes; SIRD, severe insulin-resistant diabetes.
∗
Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test; Pearson’s Χ2 test.
†
Mean (SD); n (%); median (IQR).