Table 2. Research on 3D-printed scaffolds for cartilage regeneration in the temporomandibular joint.
| Reference | 3D printing techniques | Study design | Animal model | Cell type | Cell density | Scaffold materials | Bioactive factors |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Legemate et al. (2016)[75] | EBP | In vitro | - | Human BMSCs | 2 × 106 cells/mL | PLGA μS + PCL | CTGF, TGF-β3 |
| Tarafder et al. (2016)[71] | EBP | In vitro and in vivo | Rabbit | Human BMSCs | 1 ×106 cells/mL | PLGA μS + PCL | CTGF, TGF-β3 |
| Moura et al. (2020)[77] | EBP | In vitro | - | - | - | PCL + PEGDA | - |
| Jiang et al. (2021)[79] | EBP | In vitro and in vivo | Goat | Rabbit chondrocytes and fibroblasts | - | (1) PCL + PVA (2) PVA |
- |
| Yi et al. (2021)[80] | EBP | In vitro and in vivo | Mice | Rat costal chondrocytes and L929 fibroblasts |
2 × 106 cells/mL | (1) PU-dECM (2) PDA-PU-dECM (3) PCL/PU-dECM (4) PDA-PCL/PU-dECM |
- |
| Ângelo et al. (2021)[78] | EBP | In vivo | Sheep | - | - | (1) PCL (2) PGS + PCL (3) PCL + PEGDA |
- |
Abbreviations: EBP, extrusion-based printing; BMSCs, bone mesenchymal stem cells; PEGDA, poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate; PCL, polycaprolactone; PLGA μS, poly(D, L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) microspheres; PU, polyurethane; dECM, decellularized extracellular matrix; PGS, poly(glycerol sebacate); PDA, polydopamine; CTGF, connective tissue growth factor; TGF-β3, transforming growth factor beta 3; BMP-2, bone morphogenetic protein 2.