Table 3. Research on 3D-printed scaffolds for cartilage regeneration in the mandibular condyle.
| Reference | 3D printing techniques | Study design | Animal model | Cell type | Cell density | Scaffold materials | Bioactive factors |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Schek et al. (2005)[88] | FDM | In vivo | Mice | HGFs Pig chondrocytes |
5 × 107 cells/mL | HA PLA |
BMP-7 |
| Smith et al. (2007)[84] | SLS | In vivo | Minipig | - | - | PCL* | - |
| Ciocca et al. (2013)[87] | SLS | In vivo | Sheep | - | - | HA | - |
| Wang et al. (2017)[89] | FDM | In vitro and in vivo | Mice | Minipig BMSCs Minipig chondrocytes |
5 × 107 cells/mL 2.5 × 107 cells/mL |
PCL/HA PGA/PLA |
- |
| Abramowicz et al. (2021)[85] | SLS | In vivo | Minipig | - | - | PCL | BMP-2 |
| Helgeland et al. (2021)[90,91] | EBP | In vitro | - | Rat BMSCs | 2 × 105 cells/mL; 1.2 × 106 cells/mL |
Gelatin** | - |
Abbreviations: SLS, selective laser sintering; PCL, polycaprolactone; HA, hydroxyapatite; HGFs, human gingival fibroblasts; FDM, fused deposition modeling; CS, chitosan; PGA/PLA, polyglycolic acid/polylactic acid; BMSCs, bone mesenchymal stem cells; TGF-β1, transforming growth factor beta 1; BMP-2, bone morphogenetic protein 2; PLGA, poly(D, L-lactic-co-glycolic acid); *, the condylar head of the scaffold was packed with iliac crest bone marrow from the minipig; **, the gelatin scaffolds were crosslinked with dehydrothermal, ribose glycation, dehydrothermal-ribose, and genipin, respectively.