Table 3.
Associations of quality of life domains with maternal and infant sociodemographic and clinical characteristics (multiple linear regression)
| Variable | Domain 1 (Physical health), n = 3021 |
p value | Domain 2 (Psychological), n = 3020 |
p value | Domain 3 (Social Relationship), n = 2973 |
p value | Domain 4 (Environment), n = 3020 |
p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gestational age (weeks) | 0.0508 (0.009–0.093) | 0.018* | 0.044 (0.003–0.085) | 0.035* | 0.011 (-0.037–0.058) | 0.660 | 0.079 (0.027–0.130) | 0.003* |
| Nationality | ||||||||
| Malaysian (ref) | ||||||||
| Non-Malaysian |
-0.298 (-0.592 – -0.005) |
0.046* |
-0.293 (-0.558- -0.028) |
0.030* |
-0.204 (-0.490- 0.082) |
0.162 | -0.231 (-0.582- 0.119) | 0.195 |
| Ethnicity | ||||||||
| Malay (ref) | ||||||||
| Chinese | 0.0670 (-0.123–0.256) | 0.488 | - | - |
-0.263 (-0.469- -0.056) |
0.013* | 0.053 (-0.169–0.276) | 0.639 |
| Indian | -0.191(-0.423–0.040) | 0.105 | - | - | -0.005 (-0.276–0.287) | 0.970 | 0.367 (0.082–0.651) | 0.012* |
| Other Bumiputera | 0.922 (0.619–1.225) | < 0.001** | - | - |
-0.291 (-0.574- -0.008) |
0.044* |
-0.946 (-1.278- -0.613) |
< 0.001** |
| Others | 0.200 (-0.334–0.733) | 0.463 | - | - |
-0.262 (-0.759- 0.235) |
0.301 |
-0.253 (-0.818- 0.313) |
0.381 |
| Highest Education Level | ||||||||
| University (ref) | ||||||||
| Never attended school, Primary |
-0.413 (-0.710- -0.116) |
0.006* |
-0.568 (-0.828- -0.308) |
< 0.001** |
-0.298 (-0.599- 0.004) |
0.053 |
-1.214 (-1.523- -0.905) |
< 0.001** |
| Secondary |
-0.206 (-0.409- -0.003) |
0.047* |
-0.424 (-0.601- -0.247) |
< 0.001** |
-0.262 (-0.460- -0.063) |
0.010* |
-0.705 (-0.891- -0.518) |
< 0.001** |
| College (Pre-University) |
-0.048 (-0.301–0.206) |
0.712 |
-0.292 (-0.517- -0.068) |
0.011* |
0.043 (-0.202- 0.287) |
0.732 |
-0.185 (-0.418- 0.049) |
0.121 |
| Marital Status | ||||||||
| Married (ref) | ||||||||
| Single, Separated/Living Apart, Divorced, Widowed | - | - |
-0.151 (-0.748- 0.446) |
0.620 |
-0.221 (-0.826- 0.384) |
0.473 |
-0.084 (-0.630- 0.461) |
0.763 |
| Primary support | ||||||||
| Husband (ref) | ||||||||
| Parents | - | - |
-0.436 (-0.761- -0.111) |
0.009* |
-0.374 (-0.755- 0.006) |
0.054 |
-0.195 (-0.566- 0.177) |
0.304 |
| Mother-in-law | - | - |
-0.786 (-1.575- 0.004) |
0.051 |
-1.346 (-2.339- -0.354) |
0.008* | -0.541 (-1.282–0.200) | 0.152 |
| Extended family/Friend, Paid help, Others | - | - |
-0.854 (-1.800- 0.092) |
0.077 |
-0.726 (-1.845- 0.393) |
0.203 |
-0.707 (-1.566- 0.152) |
0.107 |
| Sex of infant | ||||||||
| Male (ref) | ||||||||
| Female | - | - | - | - | -0.114 (-0.245–0.016) | 0.086 | - | - |
| Infant’s birth weight (kg) | - | - | - | - | - | - | -0.113 (-0.278–0.051) | 0.177 |
| Type of delivery | ||||||||
| Standard Vaginal/ Breech delivery (ref) | ||||||||
| Forceps/Vaccum vaginal delivery |
0.229 (-0.206- 0.663) |
0.302 |
-0.046 (-0.443- 0.352) |
0.822 |
-0.019 (-0.466- 0.428) |
0.933 |
0.021 (-0.406- 0.449) |
0.923 |
| Elective Caesarean | 0.047 (-0.211–0.305) | 0.723 | -0.023 (-0.288- 0.241) | 0.862 | -0.095 (-0.377–0.187) | 0.509 | 0.223 (-0.047–0.492) | 0.105 |
| Emergency Caesarean |
-0.252 (-0.442- -0.063) |
0.009* |
-0.305 (-0.489- -0.122) |
0.001** |
-0.197 (-0.395- -0.001) |
0.051 |
-0.316 (-0.509- -0.124) |
0.001** |
| APGAR score (1 min) | 0.095 (0.039–0.151) | 0.001* | 0.054 (0.002–0.106) | 0.040* | - | - | 0.010 (-0.048–0.068) | 0.730 |
Values presented are the unstandardised beta coefficients (B) and corresponding 95% CIs; aAll mothers answered ‘Yes’ for this variable; *Statistically significant (p ≤ 0.05); **Statistically significant (p ≤ 0.001)