Table 1. Microstructure, carbohydrate composition and enzymes proposed to be degrading oleaginous material cell walls.

Oilseed or oil-containing material cell wall microstructure	Image description	Cell wall constituting oligo- and polysaccharides	Corresponding enzymes for oligo- and polysaccharide degradation	Ref.
Soybean seed	General seed microstructure of intact soybean tissue. SC=storage cotyledons, TE=testa (seed coat), EP=epidermis, EN=endosperm, AL=aleurone layer, PB=protein bodies, N=nucleus, arrow=pectin-rich region. l(bar)=500 µm (image a). A close up-of the cell wall is shown in the inset (image b). The copyright for this picture is granted by CC BY 4.0.	Cellulose, mannan, galactan, arabinan, xyloglucan, rhamnogalactu-ronans, arabino-galactan I, xylo-galacturonan, galacturonan, homogalacturonan	Enzymes for cellulose and hemicellulose destruction, xyloglucan-degrading enzymes, arabinogalactan-degrading enzymes, pectolytic enzymes, rhamnogalacturonan-degrading enzymes	(17-20, 24-35)
Rapeseed	Seed coat, radicle and cotyledons of a mature rapeseed of ultrahigh oil content Brassica napus line YN171 (image c). Ultrastructure of the rapeseed cotyledon cell with the protein bodies (arrowhead) and oilbodies (arrow) (image d). l(bar)=200 µm (image c), l(bar)=5 µm (image d). The copyright is granted by CC BY 4.0.	Cellulose, hemicelluloses, arabinan, arabinogalactan, pectins	Enzymes for cellulose and hemicellulose destruction, arabinogalactan-degrading enzymes, pectolytic enzymes, rhamnogalacturonan-degrading enzymes	(17-20, 26-32, 36, 37)
Hemp seed	Transverse section of hemp heart stained with toluidine blue (image is an in silico “stitch” of 15×15 images without other modifications). Hemp heart tissue stained to reveal cell walls (cellulose/calcofluor white) (image e). Hemp cotyledon stained with calcofluor white and showing autofluorescence (image f). l(bar)=1 mm (image e) and 20 μm (image f). The reproduction copyright is granted by Elsevier.	Unesterified and low esterified homogalacturonan, rhamnogalacturonan I, arabinogalactan proteins, callose, polysaccharides containing α-1,5-l-arabinan	Enzymes for hemicellulose degradation, arabinogalactan-degrading enzymes, pectolytic enzymes, rhamnogalacturonan-degrading enzymes	(17-20, 22, 26, 28-32)
Rice bran	Microstructure of rice grain outer layers (image g). Fresh, non-defatted, and non-milled rice bran. Cell wall glucans stained with calcofluor appear blue and proteins stained with acid fuchsin appear red, pericarp structures appear yellowish due to autofluorescence, starch is unstained and appears black (image h). l(bar)=100 µm (images g and h). The copyright is granted by CC BY 4.0.	Cellulose, hemicelluloses, arabinoxylans, β-glucan, pectins	Enzymes for cellulose and hemicellulose destruction, arabinogalactan-degrading enzymes, pectolytic enzymes, rhamnogalacturonan-degrading enzymes	(17-21,23, 26-32, 38,39)
Moringa oleifera seed	Moringa seed morphology. Seed with partially removed internal seed coat. Cotyledon (c), endotesta (end) (image i). Sections of a fresh Moringa oleifera seed (cotyledon). Epidermal cell of the cotyledon with lipid bodies (lb), fewer protein bodies (pb) and a thick external cell wall (image j). l(bar)=1 mm (image i) and 5 µm (image j). The copyright is granted by CC BY 4.0.	Cellulose, arabinogalactan, xylan-type polysaccharides	Enzymes for cellulose and hemicellulose destruction, xyloglucan-degrading enzymes, arabinogalactan-degrading enzymes	(17, 18, 20, 26-29, 32-35, 40, 41)