Table 1. Single EV Technologies Validated by Clinical Samples.

Technology	Cancer	Media	Biomarker	Patients Number	Ref.
Immunoaffinity Labeling
Nanoplasmon-enhanced (n-PLEX)	Pancreatic	Plasma	Protein-conjugated primary antibodies	104 Malignant, 31 benign	2014,1 201739
Single EV analysis (SEA): multiplex immunostaining and fluorescent imaging	Pancreatic	Plasma	Optimized mutation-conjugated antibodies	20 Patient, 5 healthy	2018,26 202227
Single large EV characterization: immunostaining and fluorescent imaging	Glioblastoma	Plasma	Protein-conjugated primary antibodies	8 Patient, 2 healthy	201941
TIRF microscopy ∼80 EVs: sequential detection of DNA-PAINT	Breast, ovarian, liver	Plasma	DNA-conjugated primary antibodies	7 Patient per cancer	201942
Label-Free
Single EV SERS (MoSERS) microchip: label-free SERS and ML assisted data analysis of mutations	Glioblastoma	Plasma	–	12 Patient, 8 healthy	This work