Table 3.
Synthetic drugs and natural compounds targeting AP-1 either directly or indirectly.
| Target | Drugs | Effects on AP-1-regulated inflammatory factors | Study type | Reference(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Synthetic drugs | ||||
| AP-1 | CKD-506 | Inhibits TNF, IL-6, IL-8, MMP1, and MMP3 | Clinical trial NCT04204603 | (117) |
| AP-1 | Roflumilast | Inhibits CCL5, CXCL9, CXCL10, MMP3 and MMP13 | In vivo | (118) |
| c-Fos | T-5224 | Inhibits MMP1, 3, 13, TNF, IL-6, and IL-1β | In vivo | (111) |
| Jun | CDKI | Inhibits MMP1 and MMP3 production via AP-1 signaling pathway | In vitro | (119) |
| JNK | 11H-indeno[1,2-b] quinoxalin-11-one oxime | Inhibits IL-6 production by inhibiting AP-1 and NF-κB pathway | In vitro | (120) |
| Natural compounds | ||||
| AP-1 | Thymoquinone | Inhibits TNF and IL-6 | In vivo | (121) |
| AP-1 | Actin K | Inhibits VCAM-1 | In vitro | (122) |
| AP-1 | Apigenin-4´-O-α-L-rhamnoside | Inhibits MMP1, MMP3, RANKL and TNF | In vitro | (102) |
| AP-1 | Thymoquinone | Inhibits ICAM-1, VCAM-1, MAPK, MMP3, MMP13, and COX-2 | In vitro | (123, 124) |
| AP-1 | Extract of Sigesbeckia orientalis | Inhibits IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, COX-2, MMP9, MAPKs | In vivo | (125) |
| c-Jun | Melittin | Inhibits COX-2, MMP1, MMP3, MMP8 and MMP13 | In vitro | (106) |