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. 2023 Jun 29;13:1159798. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1159798

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Copyright © 2023 Venkateswaran, Vasudevan, David, Shaktivel, Shanmugam, Neelakantan and Solomon

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Antibiotic resistance mechanism of ESKAPE pathogens. ESKAPE pathogens have developed various antibiotic resistance mechanisms against the different classes of antibiotics ranging from aminoglycosides to carbapenems. The exact ways each of these pathogens develops and disseminates resistance through biofilms vary widely. However, the most common mechanisms include the overexpression of efflux pumps, modification of cell wall composition and permeability, modification of the target, inactivation of the antibiotics, and reduction in antibiotic penetration through biofilm formation. Created with BioRender.com.