Table III.
Comparison of cardiovascular and metabolic risk factors between acne cases and control
| Men | Women | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acne (n = 64) | No acne (n = 818) | Total (n = 882) | p-value | Acne (n = 86) | No acne (n = 941) | Total (n = 1,027) | p-value | |
| Body mass index, mean (SD) | 27.5 (3.6) | 27.2 (4.2) | 27.2 (4.2) | 0.289 | 26.7 (6.0) | 26.6 (5.3) | 26.6 (5.4) | 0.931 |
| Body mass index, n (%) | 0.739 | 0.809 | ||||||
| Underweight | 18 (28.1) | 253 (30.9) | 271 (30.7) | 42 (48.8) | 431 (46.0) | 473 (46.2) | ||
| Normal | 0 (0.0) | 2 (0.2) | 2 (0.2) | 0 (0.0) | 5 (0.5) | 5 (0.5) | ||
| Overweight | 30 (46.9) | 403 (49.3) | 433 (49.1) | 27 (31.4) | 286 (30.5) | 313 (30.6) | ||
| Obese | 16 (25.0) | 160 (19.6) | 176 (20.0) | 17 (19.8) | 215 (22.9) | 232 (22.7) | ||
| Body composition, mean (SD) | ||||||||
| Fat percentage | 24.4 (6.7) | 23.6 (7.0) | 23.6 (7.0) | 0.211 | 33.7 (8.6) | 33.3 (8.4) | 33.3 (8.4) | 0.858 |
| Fat mass, kg | 22.0 (8.5) | 21.0 (9.6) | 21.1 (9.5) | 0.149 | 25.5 (12.8) | 24.9 (11.2) | 24.9 (11.4) | 0.916 |
| Skeletal muscle mass, kg | 37.3 (4.0) | 36.9 (4.5) | 37.0 (4.5) | 0.278 | 25.6 (3.2) | 25.8 (3.4) | 25.8 (3.4) | 0.581 |
| Visceral fat area, cm2 | 103.9 (35.1) | 99.8 (38.3) | 100.1 (38.1) | 0.176 | 110.7 (44.5) | 109.6 (43.4) | 109.7 (43.4) | 0.885 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 98.7 (11.0) | 97.2 (11.4) | 97.3 (11.4) | 0.190 | 87.9 (13.6) | 87.4 (13.1) | 87.5 (13.1) | 0.712 |
| Hip circumference, cm | 101.3 (6.3) | 100.4 (7.5) | 100.5 (7.4) | 0.114 | 101.9 (12.2) | 101.7 (10.8) | 101.7 (10.9) | 0.859 |
| Waist : hip ratio | 0.973 (0.064) | 0.966 (0.061) | 0.966 (0.061) | 0.263 | 0.861 (0.062) | 0.858 (0.058) | 0.858 (0.058) | 0.530 |
| Insulin levels in OGTT, median (IQR) | ||||||||
| Fasting | 8.8 (6.1, 13.4) | 8.8 (5.6, 12.9) | 8.8 (5.6, 12.9) | 0.499 | 7.2 (5.3, 9.9) | 6.8 (4.9, 10.5) | 6.9 (4.9, 10.5) | 0.815 |
| 30 min | 59.8 (43.8, 116.4) | 61.0 (41.9, 97.1) | 60.9 (42.0, 97.2) | 0.794 | 56.9 (44.5, 90.9) | 55.3 (40.4, 85.9) | 55.3 (40.6, 86.4) | 0.795 |
| 60 min | 101.7 (60.4, 166.6) | 72.1 (47.2, 126.3) | 73.5 (48.1, 127.5) | 0.009 | 60.0 (40.8, 90.5) | 56.6 (39.6, 97.6) | 57.0 (39.6, 97.5) | 1.000 |
| 120 min | 49.2 (28.1, 117.1) | 44.8 (27.1, 71.0) | 44.8 (27.2, 74.9) | 0.162 | 46.2 (28.4, 63.4) | 42.8 (30.5, 65.5) | 42.9 (30.3, 65.5) | 0.983 |
| OGTT AUC insulin | 138.0 (94.5, 247.4) | 115.6 (78.3, 174.6) | 116.8 (79.0, 178.0) | 0.035 | 99.2 (71.3, 149.1) | 96.6 (71.0, 154.2) | 97.1 (71.0, 153.0) | 0.971 |
| Glucose levels in OGTT, mmol/L, median (IQR) | ||||||||
| Fasting | 5.6 (5.5, 6.0) | 5.6 (5.3, 6.0) | 5.6 (5.4, 6.0) | 0.628 | 5.4 (5.1, 5.6) | 5.3 (5.0, 5.6) | 5.3 (5.0, 5.6) | 0.465 |
| 30 min | 8.7 (8.2, 9.5) | 8.5 (7.5, 9.4) | 8.5 (7.5, 9.4) | 0.153 | 7.8 (6.7, 8.8) | 7.6 (6.6, 8.6) | 7.6 (6.6, 8.7) | 0.735 |
| 60 min | 8.8 (7.6, 10.7) | 7.7 (6.3, 9.5) | 7.9 (6.3, 9.5) | 0.008 | 6.6 (5.4, 8.0) | 6.7 (5.3, 8.2) | 6.6 (5.3, 8.2) | 0.726 |
| 120 min | 6.0 (5.1, 7.2) | 5.7 (4.9, 6.7) | 5.7 (4.9, 6.8) | 0.117 | 5.6 (5.2, 6.4) | 5.7 (5.0, 6.7) | 5.7 (5.0, 6.7) | 0.642 |
| OGTT AUC gluc | 15.4 (13.7, 17.5) | 14.2 (12.5, 16.4) | 14.3 (12.6, 16.5) | 0.014 | 12.8 (11.5, 14.4) | 13.0 (11.2, 15.0) | 13.0 (11.2, 14.9) | 0.824 |
| Glucose tolerance status, n (%) | 0.870 | 0.541 | ||||||
| Normal (< 6.1mmol/L) | 37 (68.5%) | 499 (71.3%) | 536 (71.1%) | 68 (89.5%) | 650 (82.6%) | 718 (83.2%) | ||
| Impaired fasting glucose (6.1–6.9 mmol/L) | 8 (14.8%) | 83 (11.9%) | 91 (12.1%) | 2 (2.6%) | 29 (3.7%) | 31 (3.6%) | ||
| Impaired glucose tolerance (≥ 7.0 mmol/L) | 6 (11.1%) | 67 (9.6%) | 73 (9.7%) | 3 (3.9%) | 62 (7.9%) | 65 (7.5%) | ||
| Screen detected DM | 1 (1.9%) | 29 (4.1%) | 30 (4.0%) | 1 (1.3%) | 28 (3.6%) | 29 (3.4%) | ||
| Previous DM | 2 (3.7%) | 22 (3.1%) | 24 (3.2%) | 2 (2.6%) | 18 (2.3%) | 20 (2.3%) | ||
| Fasting indices | ||||||||
| HOMA2 β cell function, median (IQR) | 91.4 (36.4) | 80.8 (28.9) | 81.5 (29.6) | 0.046 | 85.1 (28.3) | 83.4 (28.6) | 83.5 (28.6) | 0.484 |
| HOMA 2 insulin resistance, median (IQR) | 1.4 (1.0) | 1.3 (0.9) | 1.3 (0.9) | 0.242 | 1.2 (0.9) | 1.1 (0.8) | 1.1 (0.8) | 0.063 |
| Fasting plasma glucose, mmol/L, mean (SD) | 5.5 (0.7) | 5.5 (0.6) | 5.5 (0.6) | 0.775 | 5.4 (0.6) | 5.4 (0.5) | 5.4 (0.5) | 0.972 |
| B-HbA1c, mmol/mol, mean (SD) | 36.3 (7.4) | 36.7 (6.3) | 36.7 (6.4) | 0.661 | 35.8 (6.5) | 35.5 (5.0) | 35.5 (5.1) | 0.973 |
| Fasting serum lipids, mmol/L (mean, SD) | ||||||||
| Total cholesterol | 5.5 (1.0) | 5.6 (1.0) | 5.6 (1.0) | 0.975 | 5.1 (0.9) | 5.2 (0.8) | 5.2 (0.8) | 0.089 |
| High-density lipoprotein | 1.4 (0.3) | 1.4 (0.3) | 1.4 (0.3) | 0.083 | 1.6 (0.4) | 1.7 (0.4) | 1.7 (0.4) | 0.093 |
| Low-density lipoprotein | 3.8 (0.9) | 3.7 (0.9) | 3.7 (0.9) | 0.339 | 3.2 (0.9) | 3.3 (0.8) | 3.3 (0.8) | 0.636 |
| Triglycerides | 1.4 (0.6) | 1.5 (1.0) | 1.5 (1.0) | 0.479 | 1.0 (0.5) | 1.1 (0.6) | 1.1 (0.6) | 0.043 |
| Dyslipidaemia treatment, n (%) | 0.548 | 0.877 | ||||||
| No | 59 (95.2%) | 738 (93.2%) | 797 (93.3%) | 83 (97.6%) | 888 (97.4%) | 971 (97.4%) | ||
| Yes | 3 (4.8%) | 54 (6.8%) | 57 (6.7%) | 2 (2.4%) | 24 (2.6%) | 26 (2.6%) | ||
| Blood pressure, mmHg, mean (SD) | ||||||||
| Systolic mean, min | 129.8 (13.2) | 130.0 (13.7) | 130.0 (13.7) | 0.907 | 119.9 (16.0) | 119.9 (15.8) | 119.9 (15.8) | 0.954 |
| Diastolic mean, min | 87.7 (8.8) | 87.0 (10.1) | 87.0 (10.0) | 0.559 | 82.2 (10.6) | 82.7 (10.8) | 82.7 (10.8) | 0.811 |
| High sensitivity CRP, mg/L (median, IQR) | 0.727 (0.521, 1.543) | 0.687 (0.383, 1.330) | 0.696 (0.394, 1.363) | 0.149 | 0.961 (0.354, 1.710) | 0.774 (0.370, 1.640) | 0.786 (0.369, 1.645) | 0.532 |
| High sensitivity CRP, n (%) | 0.392 | 0.363 | ||||||
| 1 | 38 (60.3%) | 526 (65.0%) | 564 (64.7%) | 44 (51.8%) | 551 (59.5%) | 595 (58.9%) | ||
| 2 | 21 (33.3%) | 210 (26.0%) | 231 (26.5%) | 30 (35.3%) | 266 (28.7%) | 296 (29.3%) | ||
| 3 | 4 (6.3%) | 73 (9.0%) | 77 (8.8%) | 11 (12.9%) | 109 (11.8%) | 120 (11.9%) | ||
| Cardiovascular risk scores, median (IQR) | ||||||||
| Framingham Risk Score | 8.7 (5.6, 11.5) | 7.9 (5.9, 11.1) | 8.0 (5.9, 11.1) | 0.579 | 3.0 (2.3, 4.6) | 3.1 (2.3, 4.6) | 3.1 (2.3, 4.6) | 0.861 |
| FINRISK | 2.5 (1.8, 3.5) | 2.3 (1.8, 3.2) | 2.4 (1.8, 3.3) | 0.508 | 1.0 (0.7, 1.3) | 0.9 (0.7, 1.3) | 0.9 (0.7, 1.3) | 0.153 |
| CVD score | 1.4 (1.0, 2.0) | 1.4 (1.1, 2.0) | 1.4 (1.1, 2.0) | 0.871 | 0.2 (0.2, 0.3) | 0.2 (0.2, 0.3) | 0.2 (0.2, 0.3) | 0.988 |
| Fatty liver index, median (IQR) | 2.2 (0.7, 6.3) | 1.5 (0.5, 4.9) | 1.6 (0.5, 5.0) | 0.325 | 0.4 (0.1, 1.3) | 0.3 (0.1, 1.4) | 0.3 (0.1, 1.4) | 0.963 |
| Serum SHBG, nmol/L (median, IQR) | 30.4 (23.5, 36.8) | 30.8 (23.5, 39.9) | 30.8 (23.5, 39.9) | 0.546 | 49.3 (32.6, 71.9) | 52.6 (36.9, 72.4) | 52.5 (36.6, 72.4) | 0.289 |
| Serum total testosterone, nmol/L 46v, median (IQR) | 16.1 (13.4, 19.6) | 15.9 (12.4, 20.9) | 16.0 (12.5, 20.8) | 0.701 | 0.8 (0.6, 1.0) | 0.8 (0.6, 1.0) | 0.8 (0.6, 1.0) | 0.760 |
| Free testosterone concentration, nmol/L, median (IQR | 2.1 (1.9, 2.4) | 2.1 (1.9, 2.4) | 2.1 (1.9, 2.4) | 0.608 | 1.380 (1.040, 1.790) | 1.310 (1.050, 1.650) | 1.310 (1.042, 1.650) | 0.289 |
| Bioavailable testosterone, median (IQR) | 8.5 (7.2, 10.3) | 8.2 (6.8, 10.2) | 8.2 (6.8, 10.2) | 0.313 | 0.260 (0.190, 0.340) | 0.240 (0.180, 0.320) | 0.240 (0.180, 0.320) | 0.189 |
| Free androgen index, median (IQR) | 52.2 (44.5, 64.4) | 52.2 (43.0, 63.7) | 52.2 (43.2, 63.8) | 0.376 | 1.7 (1.2, 2.2) | 1.5 (1.0, 2.1) | 1.5 (1.0, 2.1) | 0.138 |
Some data are missing because some study cases have denied the subsequent use of data.
Screen detected DM= no previous diabetes diagnoses.
FINRISK; estimates the 10-year risk of cardiovascular diseases and includes the diabetes in model (27).
OGTT; oral glucose tolerance test; IQR; interquartile range; AUC; area under curve; HOMA; Homeostasis Model Assessment; CRP; C-reactive protein; CVD score; cardiovascular disease score; SD: standard deviation.
p-values are based on the Benjamini-Hochberg corrections and that Q (20%) the false discovery rate value was used.