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. 2023 Jun 30;13(13):2162. doi: 10.3390/ani13132162

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Figure 2

Quantile–quantile (Q–Q) diagram of the effects of population stratification. Q–Q plot showing the late separation between observed and expected values. The red lines indicate the null hypothesis of no true association. Deviation from the expected p value distribution is evident only in the tail area for different pH traits, indicating that population stratification was properly controlled.