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. 2023 Jun 22;13(13):2065. doi: 10.3390/ani13132065

Figure 5.

Figure 5

Thermographic evaluation of the thermal response of the mammary gland in dairy cows and buffaloes. (A) Healthy udder of a Holstein bovine. The surface temperature of the caudal quarter (Bx1) of the udder shows a maximum temperature of 36.1 °C (red triangle) and a minimum value of 31.2 °C (blue triangle). (B) Udder of a Holstein cow with mastitis. The maximum and minimum temperature of the caudal quarter (Bx1) is 4.4 °C and 6.4 °C higher, respectively. (C) Healthy udder in a Murrah water buffalo. The surface temperature of the healthy lateral caudal quarter (Bx1) recorded a maximum temperature of 32.7 °C (red triangle) and a minimum of 24.1 °C (blue triangle). (D) Udder with mastitis in dairy buffalo. Compared with the thermal response of the healthy udder, the temperature of the caudal quarter (Bx1) of the udder is 4.8 °C higher at the maximum temperature (red triangle) and 11.4 °C of the minimum temperature (blue triangle) compared to the temperature of the healthy udder. Infectious agents such as Escherichia coli or Staphylococcus sp. can trigger the release of several pro-inflammatory cytokines that cause vasodilation and increase heat radiation associated with acute pain. The thermal images were taken by the authors of the present review. Radiometric images were obtained using a T1020 FLIR thermal camera. Image resolution 1024 × 768; up to 3.1 MP with UltraMax. FLIR Systems, Inc. Wilsonville, OR, USA.