Table 5.
Description of the most common findings based on syndrome type.
| Facial Profile | Increased Lower Facial Height | Mouth Breather | Retrognathic Maxilla | Retrognathic Mandible | Class II Malocclusion | Facial Asymmetry | Narrow Palate | Macroglossia | Crowding/Spacing | Lip Incompetency | IOTN Score | Others | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Down’s Syndrome
(n = 21) |
Straight: 62% Concave: 33% Convex: 5% |
70% | 95% | 52% | 5% | 5% | 33% | 57% | 81% | Crowding: 67% Spacing: 29% |
52% | 6.3 ± 2.7 | Anterior cross-bite: 48% Posterior cross-bite: 43% |
| Goldenhar Syndrome (n = 4) | Convex: 100% | 100% | 50% | No | 100% | 75% | 100% | 50% | 75% | Crowding: 75% | No | 10 | Posterior cross-bite: 100% |
|
Cerebral Palsy
(n = 4) |
Concave: 75% Convex: 25% |
50% | 100% | No | 50% | 50% | 50% | 50% | 75% | Crowding: 75% Spacing: 25% |
75% | 9.5 ± 0.7 | Anterior open-bite: 75% Anterior cross-bite: 25% Posterior cross-bite: 25% |
| Pierre Robin Sequence (n = 3) | Straight: 33% Convex: 67% |
Zero | 100% | No | 100% | 67% | 33% | No | 100% | Crowding | 33% | 8.0 ± 2.8 | Posterior cross-bite: 33% |
| Treacher Collins Syndrome (n = 3) | Convex: 100% | Zero | 100% | No | 100% | 100% | No | 50% | 50% | Crowding | No | 8.5 ± 1.0 | Anterior open-bite: 100% Posterior cross-bite: 50% |
| DiGeorge Syndrome (n = 3) | Convex: 67% Concave: 33% |
33% | 100% | No | 67% | 67% | 33% | 33% | 67% | Spacing | 33% | 1.5 | Posterior cross-bite: 33% |
| Prader–Willi Syndrome (n = 3) | Straight: 33% Convex: 67% |
No | 67% | No | 33% | 33% | No | 67% | 33% | Spacing | No | 4 | Severe bruxism |
| Ehlers–Danlos Syndrome (n = 2) | Convex | 100% | No | No | Yes | Yes | 100% | No | 100% | Crowding | 100% | 8 | Anterior open bite |
| Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (n = 1) | Convex | No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | Crowding | Yes | 7 | N/A |
| Frontometaphyseal Dysplasia (n = 1) | Straight | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | Spacing | No | 10 | Posterior open-bite |
| Joubert Syndrome (n = 1) | Convex | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | Spacing | No | 4 | Deviated nasal septum |
| Neurofibromatosis Type I (n = 1) | Straight | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | No | Crowding | No | 1 | Anterior cross-bite |
| Ohdo Syndrome (n = 1) | Convex | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Crowding | No | 3 | Deep Overbite |
| 15q13.3 Microdeletion Syndrome (n = 1) | Convex | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | Crowding | Yes | 2 | Deep overbite |
|
Dubowitz Syndrome
(n = 1) |
Straight profile | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | No | Yes | Spacing | Yes | 3 | Deep overbite |
|
Cleft lip and palate
(n = 1) |
Concave | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | No | Crowding | No | 9 | Anterior open-bite and cross-bite Posterior cross-bite |
| Coffin–Siris Syndrome (n = 1) | convex | No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | Spacing | No | 9 | N/A |