Table 1.

A selection of lncRNAs with known roles in cancer.

LncRNA Name	Mode of Action	Associated Pathway	Cancer Context	Ref.
H19	Translational control	Various	Enhances EMT and metastasis in various cancers	[23,24]
PCA3	Translational control	Androgen Receptor (AR) signaling	Prostate cancer biomarker	[25]
HOTAIR	Control of chromatin-modifying complexes	Estrogen Receptor (ER) signaling	Increase invasiveness and metastasis, contribute to chemoresistance in breast cancer	[27,28]
XIST	Spatial chromatin organization	XCI, miRNA regulation	Oncogene in multiple cancers	[29]
GAS5	Transcriptional control	Growth Receptor (GR)	Tumor suppressor	[30,31]
TARID	Control of chromatin-modifying complexes	GADD45A-mediated DNA demethylation	Activation of tumor suppressor TCF21	[32,33]
Khps1	Control of chromatin-modifying complexes	Cell cycle regulation, apoptosis, cell proliferation	Activation of proto-oncogene SPHK1	[34]
MEG3	Control of chromatin-modifying complexes	TGF-β pathway	Associated with repressive chromatin in breast cancer cells	[35]
lnc-LBCS	Control of chromatin-modifying complexes	Epigenetic silencing of SOX2	Inhibit self-renewal and chemoresistance in bladder cancer stem cells	[36]
NEAT-1	Spatial chromatin organization	Transcription regulation, paraspeckle RNA retention	Overexpressed in human tumors and correlated with worse survival	[37,38,39,40]
MALAT-1	Spatial chromatin organization	Transcription regulation, EMT, apoptosis, autophagy	Aberrantly expressed in human cancers, as an oncogene (lung) or tumor repressor (glioma)	[41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49]
MALAT-1	Alternative splicing	Influence of splicing factor RSF1, SFPQ activity	Proto-oncogene in hepatocellular carcinoma, promotes tumor growth/metastasis in colorectal cancer	[50,51]
NEAT-1	Alternative splicing	Influence of splicing factor SFPQ activity	Overexpressed in human tumors and correlated with worse survival	[52,53,54]
PNCTR	Alternative splicing	Pro-apoptotic splicing	Overexpressed in variety of cancer cells	[55]
SAF	Alternative splicing	Pro-apoptotic signaling	Apoptotic resistance in human cancer cells	[56]
NAT	Alternative splicing	Snail1-induced EMT	EMT in breast cancer cell lines	[57]
TUG1	miRNA sponging	VEGF-A axis	Increase angiogenesis in glioblastoma, contribute to hypervascularity in hepatoblastoma	[58,59]
TUG1	miRNA sponging	SOX2 and MYC expression	Upregulate abundance of stemness-associated TFs in glioma	[60]
HOXA-AS2	miRNA sponging	EGFR	Vasculogenic mimicry in glioma	[61]
GAS5	Translational control	c-Myc translation	Regulation of c-Myc in lymphoma cell lines	[62]
treRNA	Translational control	E-cadherin translation	Upregulated in breast cancer primary and lymph-node metastasis	[63]
NORAD	Protein stability	DNA damage, genomic stability	Often dysregulated in cancers	[64,65]
SNHG15	Protein stability	Slug signaling	Promotes colon cancer proliferation	[66]
PSTAR	Protein stability	hnRNPK, p53 interaction and cell-cycle arrest	Tumor suppressor in hepatocelluilar carcinoma	[67]

Note: Row color corresponds to “Mode of Action” as depicted in Figure 1.