Table 2.

Involvement of inflammasomes in human autoimmune and autoinflammatory diseases. Overview of the different inflammasomes and inflammasome activators involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, psoriasis, inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis, Sjogren’s disease, systemic lupus erythematosus, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and multiple sclerosis.

Disease	Inflammasome	Cell Type/Tissue	Activator in Human Disease	References
Atherosclerosis	NLRP1	Endothelial cells (in vitro)	Cholesterol Triglycerides (in vitro)	[151]
	NLRP3	Macrophages, foam cells, endothelial cells	Cholesterol Triglycerides ATP (from necrotic cells)	[147,150,152,153]
	AIM2	Necrotic lesions	dsDNA	[154]
Psoriasis	NLRP1	PBMCs, keratinocytes, psoriatic lesions	Psoriasin (S100A7)	[156,157]
	NLRP3	Psoriatic biopsies, keratinocytes, whole blood	CD100 IL-17, IL-22, TNF-α	[156,157,158]
	AIM2	Lesional and non-lesional skin, keratinocytes	dsDNA	[159,160]
Inflammatory bowel disease	NLRP3	PBMCs, colonic biopsies, intestinal mucosal cells	Intestinal microbiota	[161,162,163]
Rheumatoid arthritis	NLRP1	PBMCs, synovial cells	P2X4 agonist	[164,165]
	NLRP3	PBMCs, monocytes	Unknown	[166]
Sjogren’s syndrome	NLRP3	PBMCs, salivary glands circulating monocytes	ATP, circulating free DNA	[167,168,169]
	AIM2	PBMCs, salivary glands	Circulating free DNA	[169,170]
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus	NLRP3	Mononuclear cells, monocytes	Neutrophil extracellular traps, anti-dsDNA antibodies, reactive oxygen species, K+ efflux	[171,172]
	AIM2	Renal tissue	Neutrophil extracellular traps	[173]
Alzheimer’s disease	NLRP1	Monocytes, neurons	Amyloid-β K+/Ca2+ imbalance	[174,175,176]
	NLRP3	Monocytes, microglia, astrocytes	Amyloid-β	[174,177,178,179]
	NLRC4	Brain samples	Unknown	[180]
Parkinson’s disease	NLRP3	Monocytes, microglia	α-synuclein (Lewy bodies), reactive oxygen species	[181,182]
Multiple sclerosis	NLRP3	Macrophages, microglia, astrocytes, CNS tissue	Unknown	[183,184]
	NLRC4	Astrocyte-rich brain tissue, regions of demyelination	Unknown	[179]