Table 2.

Discriminative entomo-clinical criteria of hematophagous arthropods bites.

Hematophagous Arthropod	Entomological Criteria									Clinical Criteria
	Sex	Stage			Bloodfeeding Way		Bloodfeeding Time			Bite Feeling		Bite Location		Bite Spot Pattern		Manifestations
		Adult	Nymph	Larva	Solenophagy	Telmophagy	Sunset and Night	Diurnal	Any Time	Painful	Painless	Exposed Area	All body	Sporadic	Clustered
Bed Bug	♀♂	√	√		√		√				√	√			√	Zigzag or straight pattern (see Figure 1 and Figure 3)
Mosquito	♀	√			√		√				√	√		√		Red itchy papules
Biting Midge, Sandfly	♀	√				√	√			√		√		√		Reddish swollen bump
Louse	♀♂	√	√		√				√	√			√ *		√	Small blue or red spot with inflammation and irritation
Tick	♀♂	√	√	√		√			√		√	√		√		Reddish volcanic papule with central hole
Flea	♀♂	√				√			√	√			√ **		√	Small reddish macule, papule, or nodule
Tsetse Fly	♀♂	√				√		√		√		√		√		Reddish sore (chancre), itchy boil-like swelling
Horse Fly, Black Fly	♀	√				√		√		√		√		√		Papules, vesicules, pruritus and erythematus weals

*: depending on the lice species; **: particularly lower extremities.