Table 1.
Selected animal studies showing an association between dietary AGEs and IR.
| Author, Reference | Animal Model | Study Design | Intervention | Findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hofmann [50] | Db/Db mice (5 week old) | Dietary intervention with random assignment into two parallel groups for 20 weeks (n = 20) | High versus low AGE diets | Lower body weight, lower serum AGEs, better response to both glucose and insulin tolerance tests and better preservation of pancreatic islets than with the high AGE diet |
| Sandu [51] | C57/BL6 female mice (6 week old) | Dietary intervention with random assignment into two parallel groups for 6 months | High fat (35% fat) high AGE diet (HAGE-HF) versus High fat low AGE diet (LAGE-HF) | None of the LAGE-HF mice became diabetic, while 75% of HAGE-HF did. |
| Cai [52] | C57/BL6 | Dietary intervention with random assignment into three parallel groups for 18 months | Pair-fed three diets throughout life: (1) low AGE (MG−) *, (2) MG supplemented low AGE chow (MG+) and regular chow (Reg) | Older MG+ and Reg fed mice developed IR (higher fasting insulin levels and abnormal intraperitoneally glucose tolerance test) and dementia, which did not happen in MG− mice. |
| Wang [28] | C57/BL6 male mice (12 week old) | Dietary intervention with random assignment into three parallel groups for 24 weeks | Three parallel diets: (1) regular chow (n = 10), (2) regular chow + MG (n = 15) or (3) heat-treated chow (n = 15) | IR (high fasting insulin, HOMA and abnormal intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test) developed in groups 2 and 3, but not 1. Microbiota was also altered in groups 2 and 3 (not in group 1) leading to loss of butyrate-producing bacteria |
| Mastrocola [53] | Db/Db and C57/BL6 mice | Dietary intervention followed by pharmacological intervention in the C57/BL6 mice | C57/BL6 mice were randomly assigned to 4 groups for 12 weeks: (1) standard diet, (2) high fat diet (60%trans-fat), (3) standard diet + pyridoxamine for last 8 weeks, (4) high fat diet + pyridoxamine for last 8 weeks | High levels of AGEs and RAGE and abnormal enzymes of sphingolipid metabolism were found in the liver of Db/Db and group 2 C57/BL6, but not in groups 1, 3 and C57/BL6 |
MG * = methylglyoxal.