Table 2.
Summary of selected clinical trials evaluating the effect of an AGE-restricted diet on insulin resistance.
| Author, Year, Reference | Study Design | Intervention | Number of Participants | Randomized | Participant Characteristics | Duration and Allocation | Specified Outcomes | Findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Birlouez, 2010 [64] | Crossover | High- and low-AGE diets | 62 | Yes | Healthy individuals | 1 month, France | Changes in serum AGEs and HOMA | Decreased serum AGEs and HOMA |
| Uribarri, 2011 [70] | Parallel | High- and low-AGE diets | 18 | Yes | Patients with diabetes | 3 months, USA | Changes in serum AGEs, markers of OS and inflammation and HOMA | Decreased levels of serum AGEs, markers of OS *, inflammation and HOMA |
| Luevano-Contreras 2013 [71] | Parallel | High- and low-AGE diets | 26 | Yes | Patients with diabetes | 1.5 months, Mexico | Changes in serum AGEs, markers of OS and inflammation and HOMA | Decreased markers of OS and inflammation, but no changes in serum AGEs or HOMA |
| Mark, 2014 [65] | Parallel | High- and low-AGE diets | 74 | Yes | Overweight women | 1 month, Denmark | Changes in urinary AGEs and HOMA | Decreased urinary AGEs and HOMA |
| De courten 2016 [66] | Crossover | High- and low-AGE diets | 20 | Yes | Overweight individuals | 0.5 months, Denmark | Changes in serum AGEs and insulin resistance (hyperinsulinemic–euglycemic clamp and intravenous glucose tolerance test) | Decreased serum AGEs and insulin resistance |
| Vlassara, 2016 [67] | Parallel | High- and low-AGE diets | 138 | Yes | Patients with metabolic syndrome | 12 months, USA | Changes in serum AGEs, markers of OS and inflammation and HOMA | Decreased levels of serum AGEs, markers of OS, inflammation and HOMA |
| Goudarzi 2020 [68] | Parallel | High- and low-AGE diets | 40 | Yes | Patients with metabolic syndrome | 2 months, Iran | Changes in serum AGEs, markers of OS and inflammation and HOMA | Decreased serum AGEs, markers of OS, inflammation, HOMA and weight (were also calorie restricted) |
| Linkens 2022 [69] | Parallel | High- and low-AGE diets | 82 | Yes | Patients with obesity | 1.5 months, Netherlands | Changes in serum AGEs, markers of OS and inflammation and insulin resistance (hyperinsulinemic–euglycemic and hyperglycemic clamp) | Decreased circulating AGEs but not markers of OS/inflammation or insulin sensitivity |
OS * Oxidative stress.