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. 2023 Jul 3;12(13):1765. doi: 10.3390/cells12131765

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© 2023 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Incorporation of ¹³C atoms from ¹³C₆-glucose into nucleotide sugars in hiPSCs mirrors the dynamics observed in hESCs but not in primary fibroblasts. (a) Schematic flux of ¹³C atoms from glucose to three major nucleotide sugars, UDP-glucose, UDP-N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc), and CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid (CMP-Neu5Ac). (b) Results of the isotopic labeling experiments show the time course of incorporation of the labeled atoms in UDP-glucose, UDP-GlcNAc, and CMP-Neu5Ac in two hiPSC lines (hiPS-1, hiPS-2), in one hESC line (hES), and in two primary dermal fibroblast lines (hFB-1, hFB2) (n = 6 for stem cells, n = 3 for fibroblasts). Y-axis: normalized area (nArea) based on the total peak area. X-axis: time expressed in hours.